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Vinnytsia (/ˈvɪnɪts(j)ə, ˈviːn-/ VIN-it-s(y)ə, VEEN-; Ukrainian: Вінниця, IPA: [ˈʋinːɪtsʲɐ] (listen); Yiddish: װיניצע) is a city in west-central Ukraine, located on the banks of the Southern Bug.

Vinnytsia
Вінниця
City
Ukrainian transcription(s)
 • NationalVinnytsia
 • ALA-LCVinnytsi͡a
 • BGN/PCGNVinnytsya
 • ScholarlyVinnycja
Flag
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
pearl of Podilia
Vinnytsia
Vinnytsia
Coordinates: 49°14′N 28°29′E
Country Ukraine
Oblast Vinnytsia Oblast
HromadaVinnytsia City Municipality
Founded1363
Government
 • MayorSerhiy Morhunov [uk][1] (Ukrainian Strategy of Groysman[2])
Area
 • City113.2 km2 (43.7 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[3]
 • City369,739
 • Density3,290/km2 (8,500/sq mi)
 • Metro
660,000
Time zonesUTC+2
UTC+3
Postal code
21000-
Area code+380 432
Sister citiesBirmingham, Kielce, Peterborough, Bursa, Panevėžys, Bat Yam
Websitevmr.gov.ua/en

It is the administrative center of Vinnytsia Oblast and the largest city in the historic region of Podillia. Administratively, it is incorporated as a town of oblast significance. It also serves as an administrative center of Vinnytsia Raion, one of the 6 districts of Vinnytsia Oblast, though it is not a part of the district. It has a population of 369,739 (2022 est.)[3].

The city's roots date back to the Middle Ages. It was under Lithuanian and Polish control for centuries until the Russian Empire annexed it in 1793. During the 1930s and early 1940s the city was the site of massacres, first during Stalin's purges and then during the Holocaust in Ukraine and the Nazi occupation. A Cold War–era airbase was located near the city.


Name


The name of Vinnytsia appeared for the first time in 1363. It is assumed that the name is derived from the old Slavic word "Vino", meaning "bride price." This name can be explained by the fact that Vinnytsia and the surrounding land were captured by Lithuanian Duke Algirdas in the 14th century, and then, they were given as a gift to his nephews.[4]


Geography



Location


Vinnytsia is located about 260 km (160 mi) southwest of the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, 429 km (267 mi) north-northwest of the Black Sea port city of Odessa, and 369 km (229 mi) east of Lviv.

It is the administrative center of the Vinnytsia Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Vinnytsia Raion (district) within the oblast. The city itself is directly subordinated to the oblast.


Climate


The town has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), similar to northern Pennsylvania in the United States in some respects.[5][6]

A long lasting warm summer with a sufficient quantity of moisture and a comparatively short winter is characteristic of Vinnytsia. The average temperature in January is −5.8 °C (21.6 °F) and 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) in July. The average annual precipitation is 638 mm (25 in).

Over the course of a year there are around 6–9 days when snowstorms occur, 37–60 days when mists occur during the cold period, and 3–5 days when thunderstorms with hail occur.

Climate data for Vinnytsia, Ukraine (1991–2020, extremes 1936–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9)		 17.3
(63.1)		 22.3
(72.1)		 29.4
(84.9)		 32.2
(90.0)		 35.0
(95.0)		 37.8
(100.0)		 37.3
(99.1)		 36.5
(97.7)		 28.6
(83.5)		 19.9
(67.8)		 15.4
(59.7)		 37.8
(100.0)
Average high °C (°F) −1.4
(29.5)		 0.2
(32.4)		 6.0
(42.8)		 14.3
(57.7)		 20.1
(68.2)		 23.6
(74.5)		 25.6
(78.1)		 25.2
(77.4)		 19.4
(66.9)		 12.7
(54.9)		 5.4
(41.7)		 0.0
(32.0)		 12.6
(54.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.8
(25.2)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 1.9
(35.4)		 9.1
(48.4)		 14.7
(58.5)		 18.2
(64.8)		 20.0
(68.0)		 19.4
(66.9)		 14.1
(57.4)		 8.1
(46.6)		 2.5
(36.5)		 −2.3
(27.9)		 8.3
(46.9)
Average low °C (°F) −6.2
(20.8)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 4.3
(39.7)		 9.3
(48.7)		 13.1
(55.6)		 14.8
(58.6)		 13.9
(57.0)		 9.3
(48.7)		 4.3
(39.7)		 0.0
(32.0)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 4.3
(39.7)
Record low °C (°F) −35.5
(−31.9)		 −33.6
(−28.5)		 −24.2
(−11.6)		 −12.7
(9.1)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 2.5
(36.5)		 5.2
(41.4)		 1.5
(34.7)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 −11.4
(11.5)		 −24.6
(−12.3)		 −27.2
(−17.0)		 −35.5
(−31.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 29
(1.1)		 31
(1.2)		 32
(1.3)		 40
(1.6)		 54
(2.1)		 87
(3.4)		 73
(2.9)		 54
(2.1)		 61
(2.4)		 35
(1.4)		 35
(1.4)		 35
(1.4)		 566
(22.3)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 12
(4.7)		 12
(4.7)		 9
(3.5)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 1
(0.4)		 6
(2.4)		 12
(4.7)
Average rainy days 7 6 10 13 14 15 15 10 12 11 12 9 134
Average snowy days 16 16 11 3 0.1 0 0 0 0 1 8 14 69
Average relative humidity (%) 85.4 83.2 77.9 68.2 65.7 71.8 72.3 70.8 75.9 80.0 86.2 87.5 77.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 50.7 73.6 123.6 179.0 271.8 262.8 275.3 264.7 180.8 131.9 57.6 38.4 1,910.2
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[7]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010)[8]

History



From Medieval to Early Modern period


Historical affiliations

Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1363–1569
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1672
Ottoman Empire 1672–1699
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1699–1793
 Russian Empire 1793–1917
Russian Republic 1917
Various Ukrainian states 1917–1920
Soviet Ukraine 1920–1922
 Soviet Union 1922–1991 (Occupied by Nazi Germany between 1941–1944)
 Ukraine 1991–present

Vinnytsia has been an important trade and political center since the fourteenth century, when Fiodor Koriatowicz, the nephew of the Lithuanian Duke Algirdas, built a fortress (1363) against Tatar raiders on the banks of the Southern Bug. The original settlement was built and populated by Aleksander Hrehorovicz Jelec, hetman under Lithuanian Prince Švitrigaila. Aleksander Jelec built the fort, which he commanded as starosta afterwards.

In the 15th century, Lithuanian Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon granted Winnica Magdeburg city rights. In 1566, it became part of the Bracław Voivodeship. Between 1569 and 1793 the town was a part of Poland. Within this period, for a short time between 1672 and 1699, the city was a part of the Ottoman Empire (and still part of the historic region of Podolia).[9] During Polish rule, Winnica was a Polish royal city. On 18 March 1783, Antoni Protazy Potocki opened in Winnica the Trade Company Poland.

After the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 the Russian Empire annexed the city and the region. Russia moved to expunge the Roman Catholic religion. Catholic churches in the city, including what is now the Transfiguration Cathedral, were converted to Russian Orthodox churches.

Vinnytsia on a 1910s postcard
Vinnytsia on a 1910s postcard

In the Russian census of 1897, Vinnytsia had a population of 30,563. It was the third largest city in the Podolia region after Kamianets-Podilskyi and Uman.

The Vinnytsia massacre was the mass execution of between 9,000 and 11,000 people in Vinnytsia by the Soviet secret police NKVD during the Great Purge in 1937–1938.[10]


World War II


The Last Jew in Vinnitsa
The Last Jew in Vinnitsa

Vinnytsia was occupied by German troops on 19 July 1941 during World War II. While Vinnytsia had a pre-war Jewish population of over 34,000, only 17,000 of these Jews remained, with the rest of them successfully being evacuated to the interior of the Soviet Union beforehand.[11] Virtually all of the Jews who remained in Vinnytsia under Nazi occupation were subsequently murdered in the Holocaust.[11]

Adolf Hitler sited his eastern headquarters, Führerhauptquartier Werwolf or Wehrwolf, at the Wehrmacht headquarters[12] near the town. The complex was built in 1941–1942 by Russian prisoners of war. Many of them were subsequently killed.[13] Hitler's accommodation consisted of a log cabin built around a private courtyard with its own concrete bunker.[14] The complex included about 20 other log buildings, a power station, gardens, wells, three bunkers, a swimming pool, and wire and defensive positions.[15]

Hitler spent a number of weeks at Wehrwolf in 1942 and early 1943.[16] The few remains of the Wehrwolf site, described in one report as a "pile of concrete" because it was destroyed by the Nazis in 1944,[17] can be visited. Plans to create a full-fledged museum had not come to fruition as of August 2018.[18][19]

Nazi atrocities were committed in and near Vinnytsia by Einsatzgruppe C. Estimates of the number of victims often run as high as 28,000. Historian Oliver Rathkolb states that 35,000 Jews were deported from the Vinnytsia region and most of those later died.[12]

In 1942 a large part of the Jewish quarter of Yerusalimka was destroyed by Germans. One infamous photo, The Last Jew of Vinnytsia, shows a member of the Einsatzgruppe about to execute a Jewish man kneeling before a mass grave.[20] The text The Last Jew of Vinnytsia was written on the back of the photograph, which was found in a photo album belonging to a German soldier. It was captured by the Red Army on 20 March 1944.


Soviet era


After the end of World War II, Vinnytsia was the home for major Soviet Air Forces base, including an airfield, a hospital, arsenals, and other military installations. The headquarters of the 43rd Rocket Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces was stationed in Vinnytsia from 1960 to the early 1990s.[21] The 2nd Independent Heavy Bomber Aviation Corps, which later became 24th Air Army, was stationed in Vinnytsia from 1960 to 1992.


Independent Ukraine


The Ukrainian Air Force Command has been based in Vinnytsia since 1992. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the command center was significantly damaged by Russian cruise missiles on 25 March 2022.[22]

On 14 July 2022 the center of the city was attacked with three Russian cruise missiles. Missiles hit the local NeuroMed clinic and House of the Officers, which currently used as a concert hall. Due to the strike 23 persons were killed (among them three children), 73 were injured and 18 are missing. The next day Russian Ministry of defense said that the target was a top-ranking Ukrainian military officers and representatives of foreign military industry companies.[23][24]


Education


Vinnytsia State Pedagogical University
Vinnytsia State Pedagogical University

There are many educational universities and research institutions in Vinnytsia:

There is also the Regional Universal Scientific Library named after Kliment Timiryazev in Vinnytsia.


Economy


The Roshen confectionary factory
The Roshen confectionary factory

Vinnytsia is an industrial center in Ukraine.

There are the Roshen confectionery corporation, the Crystal diamond polishing corporation,[25] RPC Fort largest Ukrainian firearms manufacturing corporation, Analog corporation,[26] Mayak corporation,[27] Budmash corporation,[28] Agregat corporation,[29] Pnevmatika corporation,[30] PlasmaTec corporation[31] etc.


Military


The headquarters of the Ukrainian Air Force is situated in Vinnytsia.


Politics


See also: List of mayors of Vinnytsia

Vinnytsia is considered the long-time political base for Ukrainian oligarch and former President Petro Poroshenko. He owns a local confectionery (as part of the Roshen Corporation) and was elected member of parliament from the local constituency for several convocations. However, contrary to some speculations, Poroshenko has never lived in the city.

The former Ukrainian Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman is from Vinnytsia.


Parks and squares


Pyatnichansky park
Pyatnichansky park

Central urban park in Vinnytsia[32]

Park of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky located in Vinnytsia city – between the streets of the Cathedral (center), May Day and Khmelnytsky highway.

The park is 40 hectares.

In the park there are numerous monuments (Gorky at the main entrance, soldiers in Afghanistan, Sich Riflemen, killed police officers), and "Walk illustrious countrymen" are objects of leisure and recreation: a concert hall "Rainbow", a summer theater, stadium, ice club, city planetarium, numerous attractions and gaming machines.

For more than 70 years history of the park has always been a place of celebration as the general public and local/municipal events and holidays. Fine tradition was held in the park folk festivals and holidays is particularly on City Day, Victory Day, Independence Day and more.


Buildings and structures


Fountain Roshen[33] is the only one in Ukraine and the largest floating fountain in Europe, built in the river Southern Buh in Vinnytsia City near Festivalny Isle (Campa Isle)
Fountain Roshen[33] is the only one in Ukraine and the largest floating fountain in Europe, built in the river Southern Buh in Vinnytsia City near Festivalny Isle (Campa Isle)

Transport



Air


Havryshivka Vinnytsia International Airport (IATA: VIN, ICAO: UKWW) is situated near Vinnytsia.


Railway


Vinnytsia railway station
Vinnytsia railway station

There is a railway station in Vinnytsia, which is a part of 'South-Western Railway'. In 2013 it was named among 10 biggest railway stations in Ukraine.[37] The current Vinnytsia railway station was built in 1952 and is the 4th railway building in Vinnytsia. The previous three were destroyed.[37]

Vinnytsia is an important transport hub for internal and external railway connections. Most of the international trains which cross through Ukraine have a stop in Vinnytsia. For example, trains from Moscow and Saint Petersburg (Russia), Minsk (Belarus), Sofia (Bulgaria), Chisinau (Moldova), Bratislava (Slovakia), Belgrade (Serbia), Budapest (Hungary) transit through Vinnytsia.[37] For internal railway connections, Vinnytsia is also an important transport point for trains heading to Western Ukraine (Lviv, Khmelnytskyi, Chernivtsi), the South (Odessa), as well as to Central Ukraine (Kyiv).


Tram


Trams in Vinnytsia
Trams in Vinnytsia
An unofficial transit map of Vinnytsia featuring tram, trolleybus, bus and minibus (marshrutka) routes
An unofficial transit map of Vinnytsia featuring tram, trolleybus, bus and minibus (marshrutka) routes

The tram is the most popular public transport in Vinnytsia. There are six tram routes in Vinnytsia:[38]

Number of the route Route starting and ending point
1 The railway station (Zaliznychnyi vokzal) – Elektromerezha.
2 Barske Shose – Vyshynka
3 Vyshynka – Electromerezha
4 Barske Shose – the Railway station (Zaliznychnyi vokzal)
5 Barske Shose – Elektromerezha
6 The railway station (Zaliznychnyi vokzal) – Vyshynka.

Many trams in Vinnytsia are donations from the Verkehrsbetriebe Zürich (VBZ), the public transport operator of Zürich, Switzerland. In the early 2000s, the VBZ donated its 1960s Karpfen and Mirage rolling stock to Vinnytsia, and they will do so again in 2022 with 35 Tram 2000 vehicles. The Swiss trams retain their blue and white liveries in Vinnytsian service.[39]


Bus


There are the central bus station[40] and the Western bus station in Vinnytsia.[41][42]


Notable people


Volodymyr Groysman, 2012
Volodymyr Groysman, 2012
line-drawing portrait of Yitzkhok Yoel Linetzky, 1921
line-drawing portrait of Yitzkhok Yoel Linetzky, 1921
Memorial to Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky in Vinnytsya.
Memorial to Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky in Vinnytsya.

Sport



International relations


See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Twin towns – Sister cities


Vinnytsia is twinned with:[43]

  • Panevėžys, Lithuania



See also



Notes



    References


    1. (in Ukrainian) Vinnytsia: Groysman's triumph, "servants" look for the culprit in defeat at elections, The Ukrainian Week (10 November 2020)
    2. (in Ukrainian) In Vinnytsia, the current mayor Morgunov, the CVU exit poll, is leading with almost 69% of the vote, Ukrinform (25 October 2020)
    3. Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine.
    4. "Винница / определение слова Винница – город, ц. Винницкой обл., Украина. Впервые упоминается в 1363 г" (in Russian). Diclib.com. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
    5. "Vinnitsa Climate Vinnitsa Temperatures Vinnitsa Weather Averages". www.vinnitsa.climatemps.com. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
    6. "Comparison of the Average Weather in Vinnytsya and Forest City – Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
    7. "Климат Винницы" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
    8. "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
    9. "Podolia". Jewish Virtual Library. AICE. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
    10. Valery Vasiliev, Yuriy Shapoval, "Stages of «Great Terror»: The Vinnytsia Tragedy", Zerkalo Nedeli, № 31 (406), August 17–23, 2002, (in Russian Archived 2007-11-28 at the Wayback Machine, in Ukrainian Archived 2009-05-18 at the Wayback Machine)
    11. Arad, Yitzhak (27 May 2020). The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. ISBN 9781496210791.
    12. Rathkolb, Oliver (1 August 2004). Revisiting the National Socialist Legacy: Coming to Terms With Forced Labor, Expropriation, Compensation, and Restitution. Transaction. p. 179. ISBN 978-0765805966.
    13. "Hitler's Ukrainian Bunker Revealed". BBC. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
    14. Felton, Mark (4 August 2014). Guarding Hitler: The Secret World of the Fuhrer. London: Pen and Sword Military. ISBN 978-1781593059.
    15. Ainsworth-Davis, John; Creighton, Ami de. The Mountbatten Report, New Edition. ISBN 9781312749962.
    16. Speer, Albert (1995). Inside the Third Reich. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 328–329. ISBN 9781842127353.
    17. "Hitler's headquarters "Werwolf"". The Koz Telegram. 18 August 2018. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
    18. "Hitler's Ukrainian Bunker Revealed". 12 March 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
    19. "Hitler's headquarters "Werwolf"". 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
    20. "The last Jew in Vinnytsia [1941]". World's famous photos. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
    21. "43rd Missile Army". Ww2.dk. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
    22. "Russian cruise missiles strike Ukrainian Air Force command center, according to Ukraine's military". CNN. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
    23. "У міноборони РФ прокоментували удар по Вінниці". ua.korrespondent.net (in Russian). Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    24. "Social media posts chart life and death of girl in Russian strike". the Guardian. 14 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    25. "Інтернет магазин ювелірних виробів із золота – ціни, фото – Вінниця Кристал". vinnitsakristall.com. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
    26. "О НАС". zavodanalog.com. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
    27. "ЧАО Маяк – производитель обогревательных приборов и радиаторов для систем отопления". termia.com.ua. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
    28. ""БУДМАШ". Вінниця, Україна". www.budmash.vn.ua. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
    29. "www.vzta.com.ua". www.vzta.com.ua. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
    30. "Пневматика. Винница, Украина". www.pnevmatica.com.ua. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
    31. "Інтернет магазин зварювальних матеріалів компанії ПлазмаТек".
    32. "Достопримечательности Винницы - 10 мест, которые стоит посмотреть". Отпуск Тайм. 3 December 2020.
    33. "About fountain :: Europe's largest floating fountain". Fountainroshen.com. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
    34. "Roshen Fountain in Vinnitsa was opened! :: Confectionery Corporation ROSHEN". roshen.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
    35. "Про музей – Вінницький літературно-меморіальний музей Михайла Коцюбинського". kotsubinsky.vn.ua.
    36. "Національний музей-садиба М.І. Пирогова. Вінниця, Україна". www.pirogov.com.ua.
    37. "Десять крупнейших ж/д вокзалов Украины 2014 года". cfts.org.ua.
    38. "Розклад | Вінницький трамвай". depo.vn.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 26 March 2018.
    39. "Die Zürcher Verkehrsbetriebe mustern die ältesten Trams ihrer Flotte aus. Die Hälfte der Fahrzeuge wird verschrottet". NZZ. 24 August 2021.
    40. "ВІННИЦЯ 1 табло автовокзалу: оперативна інформація автовокзалу (автостанції) про розклад руху автобусів та його зміни, наявність вільних місць.в автобусах". bus.com.ua. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
    41. "Автовокзал Вінниця АС-2 "Західна" — розклад руху автобусів та онлайн табло".
    42. "ВІННИЦЯ 2 табло автовокзалу: оперативна інформація автовокзалу (автостанції) про розклад руху автобусів та його зміни, наявність вільних місць.в автобусах". bus.com.ua. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
    43. "Vinnytsia Twin Cities".
    44. "Kardeş Şehirler". Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez. Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Archived from the original on 23 May 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
    45. "The national Pirogov's estate museum". Pirogov.com.ua. Retrieved 17 July 2014.



    На других языках

    [de] Winnyzja

    Winnyzja (ukrainisch Вінниця anhören?/i; russisch Винница .mw-parser-output .Latn{font-family:"Akzidenz Grotesk","Arial","Avant Garde Gothic","Calibri","Futura","Geneva","Gill Sans","Helvetica","Lucida Grande","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Stone Sans","Tahoma","Trebuchet","Univers","Verdana"}Winniza, polnisch Winnica) ist eine Stadt in der Ukraine in der Landschaft Podolien. Sie ist das administrative Zentrum der Oblast Winnyzja sowie des Rajons Winnyzja, ohne selbst ein Teil dessen zu sein, und hatte 367.703 Einwohner Anfang Oktober 2019.[2]
    - [en] Vinnytsia

    [ru] Винница

    Ви́нница (укр. Ві́нниця) — город в центре Украины, административный центр Винницкой области, Винницкого района и Винницкой городской общины.


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