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Hotan[note 1] (also known as Gosthana, Gaustana, Godana, Godaniya, Khotan, Hetian, Hotien)[4] is a major oasis town in southwestern Xinjiang, an autonomous region in Western China. The city proper of Hotan broke off from the larger Hotan County to become an administrative area in its own right in August 1984. It is the seat of Hotan Prefecture.

"Gosthana", "Khotan", and "Hetian" redirect here. For other uses, see He Tian (disambiguation), Khotan (disambiguation), and Gosthana (disambiguation).

Hotan
خوتەن شەھىرى
和田市
Khotan, Gaustana, Gosthana
County-level city
Tuanjie Square
Hotan
Location in Xinjiang
Hotan
Hotan (China)
Hotan
Hotan (West and Central Asia)
Coordinates: 37°06′N 80°01′E
CountryPeople's Republic of China
Autonomous regionXinjiang
PrefectureHotan
SeatNurbag Subdistrict (奴尔巴格街道)
Area
[1]
 • Total465.84 km2 (179.86 sq mi)
Elevation
1,382 m (4,534 ft)
Population
 (2018)[2]
 • Total408,894
 • Density880/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
Ethnic groups
 • Major ethnic groupsUyghur[3]
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
839000
Area code0903
GDP (Nominal)[2]2018
 - Total¥8.274 billion
$1.247 billion
 - Per Capita¥20,399
$3,076
 - Growth 7.1%
Local languagesUyghur, Mandarin Chinese
License plate prefix新R
WebsiteHotan Government Website (in Chinese)
Hotan
Uyghur name
Uyghurخوتەن‎
Chinese name
Chinese和田
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese和阗
Traditional Chinese和闐
Second alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese于窴
Traditional Chinese於窴

With a population of 408,900 (2018 census),[5] Hotan is situated in the Tarim Basin some 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) southwest of the regional capital, Ürümqi. It lies just north of the Kunlun Mountains, which are crossed by the Sanju, Hindutash and Ilchi passes. The town, located southeast of Yarkant County and populated almost exclusively by Uyghurs, is a minor agricultural center. An important station on the southern branch of the historic Silk Road, Hotan has always depended on two strong rivers—the Karakash River and the White Jade River to provide the water needed to survive on the southwestern edge of the vast Taklamakan Desert. The White Jade River still provides water and irrigation for the town and oasis.[6][7]


Etymology


The original name of Hotan is Godana, Gosthana/Gausthana/Gaustana or Godaniya, the name used in Sanskrit cosmological texts and also how the area is historically referred to as.[8][9]

Gosthana/Gausthana/Gaustana/Godana/Godaniya translates to "land of cows" in Sanskrit. In Chinese, the same name is written as Yu-t'ien, pronounced as Gu-dana. The pronunciation changed over the years to Kho-tan. In the 7th century, Xuanzang tried to reverse interpret it in Sanskrit as Kustana. However, the Tibetans continue to call it Gosthana, which also carries the meaning of "land of cows".[10][11]

An alternative etymology is proposed by Bailey, referring to the oldest indigenous form Hvatana, with hva- meaning "own, owned", whence "Lord" as in MP. "khwa-day".[12]


History


Further information: Kingdom of Khotan
Kanishka's Empire (2nd century AD) including Khotan
Kanishka's Empire (2nd century AD) including Khotan
Bronze coin of Kujula Kadphises found in Khotan.
Bronze coin of Kujula Kadphises found in Khotan.

The oasis of Hotan is strategically located at the junction of the southern (and most ancient) branch of the Silk Road joining China and the West with one of the main routes from ancient India and Tibet to Central Asia and distant China. It provided a convenient meeting place where not only goods, but technologies, philosophies, and religions were transmitted from one culture to another.

Tocharians lived in this region over 2000 years ago. Several of the Tarim mummies were found in the region. At Sampul, east of the city of Hotan, there is an extensive series of cemeteries scattered over an area about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide and 23 km (14 mi) long. The excavated sites range from about 300 BCE to 100 CE. The excavated graves have produced a number of fabrics of felt, wool, silk and cotton and even a fine bit of tapestry, the Sampul tapestry, showing the face of Caucasoid man which was made of threads of 24 shades of color. The tapestry had been cut up and fashioned into trousers worn by one of the deceased. An Anthropological study of 56 individuals showed a primarily Caucasoid population.[13][14] A study in 2010 showed that an Eastern Eurasian lineage common in Siberia dominates the mitochondrial DNA of the mummies from the Xiaohe Cemetery. Their Y chromosome is distributed throughout Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia.[15]

There is a relative abundance of information on Hotan readily available for study. The main historical sources are to be found in the Chinese histories (particularly detailed during the Han[16] and early Tang dynasties) when China was interested in control of the Western Regions, the accounts of several Chinese pilgrim monks,[17] a few Buddhist histories of Hotan that have survived in Classical Tibetan and a large number of documents in the Iranian Saka language and other languages discovered, for the most part, early this century at various sites in the Tarim Basin and from the hidden library at the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang.


Buddhist Khotan


Main article: Kingdom of Khotan
Ambassador from Khotan (于闐國 Yutian) to the Tang dynasty, in Wanghuitu (王會圖) circa 650 CE.
Ambassador from Khotan (于闐國 Yutian) to the Tang dynasty, in Wanghuitu (王會圖) circa 650 CE.

The ancient Kingdom of Khotan was one of the earliest Buddhist states in the world and a cultural bridge across which Buddhist culture and learning were transmitted from India to China.[18] Its capital was located to the west of the modern city of Hotan. The inhabitants of the Kingdom of Khotan, like those of early Kashgar and Yarkant, spoke Saka, one of the Eastern Iranian languages. Khotan's indigenous dynasty (all of whose royal names are Indian in origin) governed a fervently Buddhist city-state boasting some 400 temples in the late 9th/early 10th century—four times the number recorded by Xuanzang around 630. The kingdom was independent but was intermittently under Chinese control during the Han and Tang Dynasty.

After the Tang dynasty, Khotan formed an alliance with the rulers of Dunhuang. Khotan enjoyed close relations with the Buddhist centre at Dunhuang: the Khotanese royal family intermarried with Dunhuang élites, visited and patronized Dunhuang's Buddhist temple complex, and donated money to have their portraits painted on the walls of the Mogao grottos. Through the 10th century, Khotanese royal portraits were painted in association with an increasing number of deities in the caves. Besides this, a particular site, Melikawat functioned as a major Buddhist center in the Kingdom of Khotan.

In the 10th century, Khotan began a struggle with the Kara-Khanid Khanate, a Turkic state.[19] The Kara-Khanid ruler, Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, had converted to Islam:

Satuq's son, Musa, began to put pressure on Khotan in the mid-10th century, and sometime before 1006 Yusuf Qadir Khan of Kashgar besieged and took the city. This conquest of Buddhist Khotan by the Muslim Turks—about which there are many colourful legends—marked another watershed in the Islamicisation and Turkicisation of the Tarim Basin, and an end to local autonomy of this southern Tarim city state.[20]

Some Khotanese Buddhist works were unearthed.[21][22][23]

The rulers of Khotan were aware of the menace they faced since they arranged for the Mogao grottoes to paint a growing number of divine figures along with themselves. Halfway in the 10th century Khotan came under attack by the Qarakhanid ruler Musa, and in what proved to be a pivotal moment in the Turkification and Islamification of the Tarim Basin, the Karakhanid leader Yusuf Qadir Khan conquered Khotan around 1006.[24]


Islamic Khotan


Yūsuf Qadr Khān was a brother or cousin of the Muslim ruler of Kashgar and Balasagun, Khotan lost its independence and between 1006 and 1165, became part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate. Later it fell to the Kara-Khitan Khanate, after which it was ruled by the Mongols.

When Marco Polo visited Khotan in the 13th century, he noted that the people were all Muslim. He wrote that:

Khotan was "a province eight days’ journey in extent, which is subject to the Great Khan. The inhabitants all worship Mahomet. It has cities and towns in plenty, of which the most splendid, and the capital of the province, bears the same name as that of the province…It is amply stocked with the means of life. Cotton grows here in plenty. It has vineyards, estates and orchards in plenty. The people live by trade and industry; they are not at all warlike".[25][26]


19th century


Amban Ch´ê Ta-jên's guests festing on a terrace in Nar-Bagh, 1912
Amban Ch´ê Ta-jên's guests festing on a terrace in Nar-Bagh, 1912
Map of Central Asia (1878) showing Khotan (near top right corner) and the Sanju Pass, Hindutash, and Ilchi passes through the Kunlun Mountains to Leh, Ladakh. The previous border of the British Indian Empire is shown in the two-toned purple and pink band.
Map of Central Asia (1878) showing Khotan (near top right corner) and the Sanju Pass, Hindutash, and Ilchi passes through the Kunlun Mountains to Leh, Ladakh. The previous border of the British Indian Empire is shown in the two-toned purple and pink band.

The town suffered severely during the Dungan Revolt (1862–77) against the Qing dynasty and again a few years later when Yaqub Beg of Kashgar made himself master of Kashgaria,[27][28] ruling the newly founded Turkic state known at the time as Yettishar.[29][30]


Post-Qing


Chinese troops at Khotan, 1915
Chinese troops at Khotan, 1915

Qing imperial authority collapsed in 1912. During the Republican era in China, warlords and local ethnic self-determination movements wrestled over control of Xinjiang. Abdullah Bughra, Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra, and Muhammad Amin Bughra declared themselves Emirs of Khotan during the Kumul Rebellion. Tunganistan was an independent administered region in the southern part of Xinjiang from 1934 to 1937. The territory included the oases of the southern Tarim Basin; the centre of the region was Khotan. Beginning with the Islamic rebellion in 1937, Hotan and the rest of the province came under the control of warlord Sheng Shicai. Sheng was later ousted by the Kuomintang.[citation needed]


People's Republic of China


Shortly after the Communists won the civil war in 1949, Hotan was incorporated into the People's Republic of China.

In 1983/4, the urban area of Hotan was administratively split from the larger Hotan County, and from then on governed as a county-level city.[1][31]

On July 11, 2006, the townships of Jiya and Yurungqash (Yulongkashi) in Lop County and Tusalla (Tushala) in Hotan County were transferred to Hotan City.[1]

Following the July 2009 Ürümqi riots, ethnic tensions rose in Xinjiang and in Hotan in particular. As a result, the city has seen occasional bouts of violence. In June 2011, Hotan opened its first passenger-train service to Kashgar, which was established as a special economic zone following the riots. In July of the same year, a bomb and knife attack occurred on the city's central thoroughfare. In June 2011, authorities in Hotan Prefecture sentenced Uyghur Muslim Hebibullah Ibrahim to ten years imprisonment for selling "illegal religious materials".[32][33] In June 2012, Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 was hijacked en route from Hotan to Ürümqi.

In a report from the Uyghur American Association, in June 2012, notice was said to be given that police planned to undertake a search of every residence in Gujanbagh (Gujiangbage), Hotan. Hotan is the last municipality in Xinjiang with a majority Ugyhur presence in the core of the city. The UAA viewed this as an attempt to systematically intimidate the Uyghur population in Hotan.[34][better source needed]

The Sultanim Cemetery (37°07′02″N 79°56′04″E) in central Hotan was a historical Uyghur graveyard that also included a religious shrine. According to a 2019 interview by the Uyghur Human Rights Project, the cemetery entombed four commanders of Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, who conquered the city around 960 CE and spread Islam. Due to space limitations after over a thousand years of burials, multiple bodies had to reuse the same grave, and additionals layers were dug underneath old ones.[35] Between 2018 and 2019, the cemetery was demolished and the western part of the land turned into a parking lot.[36][37][38][39]


Geography and climate


Collecting jade in the White Jade River near Hotan in 2011
Collecting jade in the White Jade River near Hotan in 2011

Hotan has a temperate zone, cold desert climate (Köppen BWk), with a mean annual total of only 36.5 millimetres (1.44 in) of precipitation falling on 17.3 days of the year. Due to its southerly location in Xinjiang just north of the Kunlun Mountains, during winter it is one of the warmest locations in the region, with average high temperatures remaining above freezing throughout the year. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −3.9 °C (25.0 °F) in January to 25.8 °C (78.4 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 13.03 °C (55.5 °F). The diurnal temperature variation is not large for a desert, averaging 11.8 °C (21.2 °F) annually. Although no month averages less than half of possible sunshine, the city only receives 2,587 hours of bright sunshine annually, which is on the low end for Xinjiang; monthly percent possible sunshine ranges from 50% in March to 75% in October.

Climate data for Hotan (1981−2010 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3)		 6.9
(44.4)		 15.8
(60.4)		 23.5
(74.3)		 27.8
(82.0)		 31.1
(88.0)		 32.6
(90.7)		 31.7
(89.1)		 27.4
(81.3)		 20.6
(69.1)		 11.6
(52.9)		 3.1
(37.6)		 19.5
(67.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.9
(25.0)		 1.3
(34.3)		 9.6
(49.3)		 16.8
(62.2)		 21.1
(70.0)		 24.3
(75.7)		 25.8
(78.4)		 24.9
(76.8)		 20.4
(68.7)		 13.2
(55.8)		 5.1
(41.2)		 −2.2
(28.0)		 13.0
(55.5)
Average low °C (°F) −8.2
(17.2)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 4.0
(39.2)		 10.7
(51.3)		 15.2
(59.4)		 18.5
(65.3)		 20.0
(68.0)		 19.3
(66.7)		 14.5
(58.1)		 7.0
(44.6)		 0.0
(32.0)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 7.6
(45.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1.9
(0.07)		 1.9
(0.07)		 2.5
(0.10)		 2.9
(0.11)		 7.2
(0.28)		 8.9
(0.35)		 7.2
(0.28)		 4.6
(0.18)		 3.6
(0.14)		 1.5
(0.06)		 0.5
(0.02)		 1.4
(0.06)		 44.1
(1.72)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.0 1.7 0.7 1.1 1.9 2.6 2.9 1.8 0.8 0.3 0.3 1.2 17.3
Average relative humidity (%) 54 44 32 29 34 38 43 44 44 41 43 54 42
Average dew point °C (°F) −14
(7)		 −11
(12)		 −9
(16)		 −6
(21)		 2
(36)		 7
(45)		 9
(48)		 9
(48)		 5
(41)		 −2
(28)		 −8
(18)		 −12
(10)		 −2
(28)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 167.8 163.9 185.8 208.3 234.5 253.2 242.5 231.2 240.0 260.5 221.1 178.2 2,587
Percent possible sunshine 55 54 50 53 54 58 54 55 65 75 72 60 58
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days and sunshine 1971–2000)[40][41]
Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, between 2005-2015)[42]

Administrative divisions


Map of Hotan (labeled as HO-TIEN (HO-T'IEN) (KHOTAN)) and surrounding region from the International Map of the World (USATC, 1971)[lower-alpha 1]
Map of Hotan (labeled as HO-TIEN (HO-T'IEN) (KHOTAN)) and surrounding region from the International Map of the World (USATC, 1971)[lower-alpha 1]

The city includes four subdistricts, three towns, five townships and two other areas:[1][43][44]

Subdistricts:[45]

Towns:[47]

Townships:

Others:


Demographics


A mosque in Hotan
A mosque in Hotan

Hotan is largely dominated by the Uyghurs, and as of 2015, 311,050 of the 348,289 residents of the county were Uyghur, 35,897 were Han Chinese and 1,342 were from other ethnic groups.[49]

In 1940, Owen Lattimore quoted the population of Khotan to be estimated as 26,000.[50]

In 1998 the urban population was recorded at 154,352, 83% of which were Uyghurs, and 17% were Han Chinese.[51]

In 1999, 83.01% of the population was Uyghur and 16.57% of the population was Han Chinese.[52]

In the 2000 census, the population was recorded as 186,123. In the 2010 census figure, the figure had risen to 322,300. The increase in population is partly due to boundary changes.[53]


Transportation



Air


Hotan Airport (IATA: HTN) serves the city. It serves regional flights to Ürümqi. Originally a military use airport, it was expanded significantly in 2002 to accommodate higher passenger volumes. It is located 12 km (7.5 mi) south of the city proper.


Road


Locals at a busy Hotan market
Locals at a busy Hotan market

Hotan is served by China National Highway 315, which runs along the southern Tarim Basin from Ruoqiang to Kashgar, and the Trans-Taklamakan Desert Highway, which run north to Luntai. An expressway is being built between Hotan and Karakax County (Moyu) as of 2014.


Rail


Hotan is connected to the rest of China's rail network via the Kashgar–Hotan Railway, which opened to freight traffic in December 2010, and passenger service in June 2011. The railway station was constructed by a company under the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and is located in the town of Lasqi (拉斯奎) northwest of the city proper. Passenger train service on this line is limited, with only one train per day, local service 5828/5825, linking the city with Kashgar (8~ hours) and Ürümqi (~34 hours).


Buses


Regular bus services link Hotan with Kashgar. There is also an express bus to Aksu via the 430 km (270 mi) 'Hotan-Aksu Cross-Desert Highway' which was opened in 2007, travels alongside the intermittent Hotan River, and which takes about 5 or 6 hours. This same bus then goes on to Urumchi taking a total of about 21 hours from Hotan.[54]


Economy


Light coloured or Mutton fat jade for sale at Hotan Jade Market
Light coloured or "Mutton fat" jade for sale at Hotan Jade Market

As of 1885, there was about 100,000 acres (662,334 mu) of cultivated land in Khotan.[55]


Nephrite jade


Chinese historical sources indicate that Hotan was the main source of the nephrite jade used in ancient China. For several hundred years, until they were defeated by the Xiongnu in 176 BCE, the trade of Khotanese jade into China was controlled by the nomadic Yuezhi. The Chinese still refer to the Yurungkash as the White Jade River, alluding to the white jade recovered from its alluvial deposits. The light-colored jade is called "Mutton fat" jade. Most of the jade is now gone, with only a few kilos of good quality jade found yearly. Some is still mined in the Kunlun Mountains to the south in the summer,[56] but it is generally of poorer quality than that found in the rivers.[57][58]


Fabrics and carpets


Silk weaving in Hotan
Silk weaving in Hotan

Khotanese textiles were mentioned by Xuanzang, who visited the oasis in 644 CE. In his Biography it is stated: "It produced carpets and fine felt, and the felt-makers also spun coarse and fine silk."[59]

Ancient Chinese-Khotanese relations were so close that the oasis emerged as one of the earliest centres of silk manufacture outside China. There are good reasons to believe that the silk-producing industry flourished in Hotan as early as the 5th century.[60] According to one story, a Chinese princess given in marriage to a Khotan prince brought to the oasis the secret of silk-manufacture, "hiding silkworms in her hair as part of her dowry", probably in the first half of the 1st century CE.[61][62] It was from Khotan that the eggs of silkworms were smuggled to Iran, reaching Justinian I's Constantinople in 551.[63]

Khotanese silks on display in shop
Khotanese silks on display in shop

Silk production is still a major industry employing more than a thousand workers and producing some 150 million metres of silk annually. Silk weaving by Uyghur women is a thriving cottage industry, some of it produced using traditional methods.[56] Hotan Silk Factory is one of the notable silk producers in Hotan.

Atlas is the fabric used for traditional Uyghur clothing worn by Uyghur women. It is soft, light and graceful tie-dyed silk fabric. It comes various colors, the brighter and rich colors are for small children to young ladies. The gray and dark colors are for elderly women.

The oldest piece of kilim which we have any knowledge was obtained by the archaeological explorer Aurel Stein; a fragment from an ancient settlement near Hotan, which was buried by sand drifts about the fourth century CE. The weave is almost identical with that of modern kilims.

Hotanese pile carpets are still highly prized and form an important export.[64][65]


Notable persons





See also



Notes


  1. The official Latin transliteration (and therefore, English spelling) of the city's name is "Hotan" according to Register of Chinese Geographic Places (中国地名录, published in Beijing, SinoMaps Press 中国地图出版社 1997; ISBN 7-5031-1718-4; p. 312.); The pinyin romanization Hetian has also been used on some maps and airports; the city's former name was written with a different character for "Tian" (simplified Chinese: 阗; traditional Chinese: 闐; pinyin: Tián); the city is also sometimes spelled Khotan, such as in this example. The city has also been called Yutian in Chinese and was known to 19th-century European explorers as Ilchi.
  1. From map: "DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE".

References



Citations


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  2. "(新疆）2018年和田市国民经济和社会发展统计公报" (in Chinese). 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. 1997年和田市行政区划 [1997 Hotan City Administrative Divisions]. XZQH.org. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2020. 面积189平方千米，人口14.8万，有维吾尔、汉、回、哈萨克、蒙古、锡伯、柯尔克孜等13个民族，其中维吾尔族占85％，辖4个街道1镇3乡。
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  20. Page55 Eurasian crossroads By James A. Millward
  21. Mark J. Dresden, The Jatakastava or 'Praise of the Buddha's Former Births' Philadelphia, 1955
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  23. 賢愚經 Archived 2014-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
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  28. Bonavia, Judy. The Silk Road: Xi'an to Kashgar. Revised by Christopher Baumer (2004), p. 309. Odyssey Publications. ISBN 962-217-741-7.
  29. Samah Ibrahim (29 January 2019). "China's Uighur Strategy and South Asian Risk". Future Directions International. Retrieved 30 April 2020. The creation of the Islamic State of Yettishar (1865 – 1878), with its capital at Kashgar, which is in present-day Xinjiang, came about as the result of a series of uprisings in Xinjiang.
  30. Alexandre Andreyev (2003). Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debarcle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s. p. 16. ISBN 9004129529 – via Google Books.
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  33. Qiao Long; Luisetta Mudie (19 June 2012). "Uyghur Jailed Over Religious Materials". Translated by Luisetta Mudie. Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 22 January 2020. Authorities in the city of Hotan in the ethnically troubled Xinjiang region have handed a 10-year jail term to an Uyghur man convicted of selling "illegal religious materials" ahead of a sensitive anniversary. The sentence was passed on Sunday by the Hotan Municipal People's Court on Hebibullah Ibrahim, the People's Daily online news site reported.
  34. "Notice informs locals of mandatory residence searches in Hotan community; police reserve the right to "use force" to enter homes". Uyghur American Association. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  35. Bahram K. Sintash (October 2019). "Demolishing Faith: The Destruction and Desecration of Uyghur Mosques and Shrines" (PDF). Uyghur Human Rights Project. pp. 24–25. Retrieved 11 August 2020. The Sultanim Cemetery has a history of over 1,000 years. King Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (999–1211) conquered Hotan (the Buddhist Kingdom Udun at that time), and spread Islam around 960 AD. During the conquest, four Kara-khan commanders, including Prince Sultan Kilich Khan, were killed and Muslims buried them at this location. Since then, the cemetery has been known as Sultanim Maziri (My Sultan Shrine) and became one of the most important cemeteries among Uyghur Muslims who have paid their respects here for over 1,000 years. In the center, the four commanders’ graves were still there until China completely bulldozed the entire cemetery in 2019. Many religious leaders, scholars and other important people in Hotan's far and recent history have been buried in this cemetery.
  36. Matt Rivers (3 January 2020). "More than 100 Uyghur graveyards demolished by Chinese authorities, satellite images show". CNN. Retrieved 11 August 2020. The Sultanim Cemetery in the center of Hotan City is one of the most famous ancient cemeteries in Xinjiang. It was destroyed between January to March 2019.
  37. Fred Hiatt (3 November 2019). "In China, every day is Kristallnacht". Washington Post. Retrieved 10 August 2020. Before After
    Cemetery demolished
    The site of Sultanim cemetery in Hotan, Xinjiang, in December, 2018 and March 2019.
  38. Kurban Niyaz; Joshua Lipes (1 May 2020). "Xinjiang Authorities Construct Parking Lot Atop Historic Uyghur Cemetery". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  39. Asim Kashgarian (1 December 2019). "US: China Targets Uighur Mosques to Eradicate Minority's Faith". Voice of America. Retrieved 11 August 2020. 37°7′2.13″N 79°56′2.96″E
    Satellite imagery with a comparative analysis of Sultanim Cemetery in Hotan city, in China's northwest Xinjiang province.
  40. 中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data (in Chinese (China)). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  41. 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21.
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  43. 2018年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：和田市 [2018 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Hotan City] (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2019. 统计用区划代码 名称 653201001000 努尔巴格街道办事处 653201002000 古江巴格街道办事处 653201003000 古勒巴格街道办事处 653201004000 纳尔巴格街道办事处 653201100000 拉斯奎镇 653201101000 玉龙喀什镇 653201102000 吐沙拉镇 653201200000 肖尔巴格乡 653201201000 伊里其乡 653201202000 古江巴格乡 653201204000 吉亚乡 653201205000 阿克恰勒乡 653201401000 北京工业园区 653201402000 和田市京和物流园区
  44. 和田市概况. 和田市人民政府网 (in Simplified Chinese). 12 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2019. 辖6乡2镇，4个街道办事处和1个工业园区
  45. 街道之窗. 和田市人民政府网 (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 20 December 2019. 纳尔巴格街道{...}奴尔巴格街道{...}古勒巴格街道{...}古江巴格街道
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  47. 乡镇园地. 和田市人民政府网 (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 20 December 2019. 玉龙喀什镇{...}肖尔巴格乡{...}拉斯奎镇{...}古江巴格乡{...}吉亚乡{...}阿克恰勒乡{...}伊里其乡{...}吐沙拉乡
  48. huaxia, ed. (17 September 2020). "Full Text: Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 20 September 2020. Yusan Hasan from Yurungqash Town, Hotan City
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  52. Morris Rossabi, ed. (2004). Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers (PDF). University of Washington Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-295-98390-6.
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  63. "From Khotan, silk culture is believed to have passed by way of Kashmir to India and then westwards into central Asia and Persia". Quoted from Chambers's Encyclopaedia, Oxford University Press, 1950, article "Silk".
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Sources




Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khotan.
Look up Hotan or Khotan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Khotan.
  1. M. A. Stein – Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books at dsr.nii.ac.jp

На других языках

[de] Hotan (Stadt)

Die Stadt Hotan (chinesisch .mw-parser-output .Hans{font-size:110%}和田市, Pinyin Hétián Shì, uigurisch .mw-parser-output .Arab a,.mw-parser-output a bdi.Arab{text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .Arab{font-size:120%}خوتەن شەھىرى .mw-parser-output .Latn{font-family:"Akzidenz Grotesk","Arial","Avant Garde Gothic","Calibri","Futura","Geneva","Gill Sans","Helvetica","Lucida Grande","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Stone Sans","Tahoma","Trebuchet","Univers","Verdana"}Hotǝn Xəⱨiri; früher Chotan) ist eine kreisfreie Stadt des Regierungsbezirks Hotan im Süden des Uigurischen Autonomen Gebiets Xinjiang im Nordwesten der Volksrepublik China. Sie liegt im Süden des Tarimbeckens.
- [en] Hotan

[ru] Хотан

Хотан[1] (уйг. خوتەن, Хотән, кит. упр. 和田市, пиньинь Hétián shì) — оазис и городской уезд в округе Хотан на юго-западе Синьцзян-Уйгурского автономного района КНР, южнее пустыни Такла-Макан.


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