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Udmurtia (Russian: Удму́ртия; Udmurt: Удмуртия, Udmurtija), or the Udmurt Republic (Russian: Удмуртская Республика, Udmurt: Удмурт Республика, Удмурт Элькун, Udmurt Respublika, Udmurt Eľkun), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) in Eastern Europe, within the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Izhevsk.

For other uses, see Udmurtia (disambiguation).
Udmurt Republic
Republic
Удмуртская Республика
Other transcription(s)
 • UdmurtУдмурт Республика
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: National Anthem of the Udmurt Republic
Coordinates: 57°17′N 52°45′E
CountryRussia
Federal districtVolga[1]
Economic regionUrals[2]
CapitalIzhevsk
Government
 • BodyState Council[3]
 • Head[3]Aleksandr Brechalov
Area
[4]
 • Total42,100 km2 (16,300 sq mi)
Population
 (2010 Census)[5]
 • Total1,521,420
 • Estimate 
(2018)[6]
1,513,044 (−0.6%)
 • Rank30th
 • Density36/km2 (94/sq mi)
 • Urban
69.2%
 • Rural
30.8%
Time zoneUTC+4 (MSK+1 [7])
ISO 3166 codeRU-UD
License plates18
OKTMO ID94000000
Official languagesRussian;[8] Udmurt[9]
Websitehttp://www.udmurt.ru/en/

Name


The name Udmurt comes from odo-mort ('meadow people'), where the first part represents the Permic root od or odo ('meadow, glade, turf, greenery'). This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which the Udmurts[10] are referred to as lugovye lyudi ('meadow people'), alongside the traditional Russian name otyaki.[11]

The second part murt means 'person' (cf. Komi mort, Mari mari). It is probably an early borrowing from a Scythian language: mertä or martiya ('person, man'; cf. Urdu mard), which is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo-Aryan term maryá- ('man, mortal, one who is bound to die'. cf. Old Indic márya ('young warrior') and marut ('chariot warrior'), both connected specifically with horses and chariots.[12] The Proto-Indo-European word roots *mer-, *moro-s and *mer are related to the derived word *marko (with suffix *-ko), meaning ‘horse’. It is related to a suffixed form of a root found in Proto-Altaic *mórV (“horse”), compare Proto-Mongolic *mori (“sea in slavic”), Proto-Tungusic *murin (“horse”), Proto-Korean *màr (“horse”) and possibly also in Proto-Dravidian *mar-ai (“a k. of deer”). According to the linguist T. Mikhailova this Indo-European word has been adopted in Central Europe from Altaic.[13] The Indo-Europeanists T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov associate this word with horse-riding Altaic tribes in the Bronze Age.[14][15]

On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of river in general. Recently, the most relevant is the version of V. V. Napolskikh and S. K. Belykh. They suppose that ethnonym was borrowed either from Indo-Iranian *anta 'outside, close, last, edge, limit, boundary' or Turkic-Altaic *anda/*ant 'oath (in fidelity), comrade, friend'.[16]


History


Map of the Udmurt Republic.
Map of the Udmurt Republic.
Part of a series on the
History of Udmurtia
  • v
  • t
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On November 4, 1920, the Votyak Autonomous Oblast was formed.[17] On January 1, 1932, it was renamed Udmurt Autonomous Oblast,[citation needed] which was then reorganized into the Udmurt ASSR on December 28, 1934.[17] During World War II, many industrial factories were evacuated from the Ukrainian SSR and western borderlands to Udmurtia.


Geography


The republic is located to the west of the Ural Mountains and borders Kirov, Perm, Bashkortostan, and Tatarstan.[18]

Udmurtia is a republic in the Russian Federation, located in Central Russia between the branches of two of the largest and oldest rivers in Europe[citation needed]: the Kama and its right tributary the Vyatka.

The city of Izhevsk is the administrative, industrial and cultural center of Udmurtia. Geographically, it is located not far from Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Russian Federation. The city has a well-developed transport system (including air, land, and water).

Udmurtia borders Kirov Oblast to the west and north, Perm Oblast to the east, and the Bashkortostan and Tatarstan Republics to the south.


Climate


The republic has a moderate continental climate, with warm summers and cold, snowy winters. Annual precipitation averages 400–600 mm.[citation needed]

Average temperatures
Month Average temperature
January −14.5 °C (5.9 °F)
July +18.3 °C (64.9 °F)

Administrative divisions


Main article: Administrative divisions of Udmurtia

Demographics


Population: 1,521,420 (2010 Census);[5] 1,570,316 (2002 Census);[19] 1,609,003 (1989 Census).[20]

Although as of 2007 the population was declining, the decline was stabilizing and was more pronounced in urban areas. Out of the 19,667 births reported in 2007, 12,631 were in urban areas (11.86 per 1,000) and 7,036 were in rural areas (14.88 per 1,000). Birth rates for rural areas are 25% higher than that of urban areas. Of the total of 21,727 deaths, 14,366 were reported in urban areas (13.49 per 1,000) and 7,361 were in rural areas (15.56 per 1,000). Natural decline of the population was measured at −0.16% for urban areas and an insignificant −0.07% for rural areas (the average for Russia was −0.33% in 2007).[21]


Settlements


 
 
Largest cities or towns in Udmurtia
2010 Russian Census
Rank Administrative Division Pop.

Izhevsk

Sarapul		 1IzhevskCity of republic significance of Izhevsk627,734
Votkinsk

Glazov
2SarapulCity of republic significance of Sarapul101,381
3VotkinskVotkinsky District99,022
4GlazovGlazovsky District95,854
5MozhgaMozhginsky District47,961
6IgraIgrinsky District20,737
7UvaUvinsky District19,984
8BalezinoBalezinsky District16,121
9KezKezsky District11,080
10KambarkaKambarsky District11,021

Vital statistics


Source[22]

Average population (× 1,000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Total fertility rate
1970 1,421 23,286 13,265 10,021 16.4 9.3 7.1
1975 1,459 26,497 14,666 11,831 18.2 10.1 8.1
1980 1,508 27,601 16,862 10,739 18.3 11.2 7.1
1985 1,562 29,343 17,553 11,790 18.8 11.2 7.5
1990 1,614 24,345 15,816 8,529 15.1 9.8 5.3 2.04
1991 1,619 22,213 16,002 6,211 13.7 9.9 3.8 1.90
1992 1,623 20,074 18,063 2,011 12.4 11.1 1.2 1.73
1993 1,622 17,126 21,923 −4,797 10.6 13.5 −3.0 1.48
1994 1,619 16,874 24,183 −7,309 10.4 14.9 −4.5 1.45
1995 1,615 15,484 22,445 −6,961 9.6 13.9 −4.3 1.32
1996 1,610 14,877 20,641 −5,764 9.2 12.8 −3.6 1.26
1997 1,606 15,368 19,881 −4,513 9.6 12.4 −2.8 1.30
1998 1,603 16,130 19,080 −2,950 10.1 11.9 −1.8 1.36
1999 1,598 15,793 20,745 −4,952 9.9 13.0 −3.1 1.32
2000 1,592 16,256 21,852 −5,596 10.2 13.7 −3.5 1.36
2001 1,583 16,636 22,810 −6,174 10.5 14.4 −3.9 1.38
2002 1,572 17,746 24,520 −6,774 11.3 15.6 −4.3 1.46
2003 1,561 17,982 24,571 −6,589 11.5 15.7 −4.2 1.47
2004 1,552 18,238 23,994 −5,756 11.7 15.5 −3.7 1.47
2005 1,543 17,190 24,006 −6,816 11.1 15.6 −4.4 1.38
2006 1,535 17,480 22,011 −4,531 11.4 14.3 −3.0 1.40
2007 1,529 19,667 21,727 −2,060 12.9 14.2 −1.3 1.57
2008 1,525 20,421 21,436 −1,015 13.4 14.1 −0.7 1.65
2009 1,523 21,109 20,227 882 13.9 13.3 0.6 1.71
2010 1,522 21,684 21,100 584 14.3 13.9 0.4 1.78
2011 1,519 21,905 20,358 1,547 14.4 13.4 1.0 1.83
2012 1,518 23,225 19,526 3,699 15.3 12.9 2.4 1.98
2013 1,517 22,138 19,332 2,806 14.6 12.7 1.9 1.92
2014 1,517 22,060 19,461 2,599 14.5 12.8 1.7 1.96
2015 1,517 22,195 19,533 2,662 14.6 12.9 1.7 2.01
2016 1,517 21,024 19,090 1,934 13.8 12.6 1.2 1.96
2017 1,515 17,954 18,130 −176 11.9 12.0 -0.1 1.72

TFR source[23]


Ethnic groups


According to the 2010 Census,[5] Russians make up 62.2% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Udmurts make up only 28%. Other groups include Tatars (6.7%), Ukrainians (0.6%), Mari (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the republic's total population.

Ethnic
group		 1970 Census[citation needed] 1979 Census[citation needed] 1989 Census[citation needed] 2002 Census[citation needed] 2010 Census1
Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  %
Udmurts 484,168 34.2% 479,702 32.1% 496,522 30.9% 460,584 29.3% 410,584 28.0%
Besermyan 2,998 0.2% 2,111 0.1%
Russians 809,563 57.1% 870,270 58.3% 945,216 58.9% 944,108 60.1% 912,539 62.2%
Tatars 87,150 6.1% 99,139 6.6% 110,490 6.9% 109,218 7.0% 98,831 6.7%
Others 36,794 2.6% 43,061 2.9% 53,435 3.3% 53,408 3.4% 42,558 2.9%
1 54,797 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[24]

Over two-thirds of the world population of Udmurts live in the republic.[25]


Religious groups


Religion in Udmurtia as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[26][27]
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 33.1%
Other Orthodox
 
 2.4%
Old Believers
 
 0.9%
Protestantism
 
 1.4%
Other Christians
 
 5.3%
Islam
 
 4.3%
Rodnovery and other native faiths
 
 1.5%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 29%
Atheism and irreligion
 
 19.1%
Other and undeclared
 
 3%

According to a 2012 survey,[26] 33.1% of the population of Udmurtia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 2% are Eastern Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Eastern Orthodox churches, 4% are Muslims, 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or to Udmurt Vos (Udmurt native faith), 1% adheres to forms of Protestantism, and 1% of the population are Old Believers. In addition, 29% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious," 19% is atheist, and 3.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[26]

The local Russian Orthodox Church is the Metropolitanate of Udmurtia, comprising the Eparchy of Izhevsk (founded 1927) under Bishop and Metropolitan Viktorin (Kostenkov) (2015), the Eparchy of Glazov (founded 1889) under Bishop Viktor (Sergeyev) and the Eparchy of Sarapul (founded 1868) under Bishop Anthony (Prostikhin) (2015).


Jews

Further information: History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan

Udmurt Jews are a special territorial group of the Ashkenazi Jews, which started to be formed in the residential areas of mixed Turkic-speaking (Tatars, Kryashens, Bashkirs, Chuvash people), Finno-Ugric-speaking (Udmurts, Mari people) and Slavic-speaking (Russians) population. The Ashkenazi Jews on the territory of the Udmurt Republic first appeared in the 1830s.[28][29][30][31] The Udmurt Jewry had formed the local variety on the base of the Yiddish of Udmurtia till the 1930s and features of Yiddish of migrants "joined" into it (in the 1930s and 1940s);[32] as a result up to the 1970s and 1980s the Udmurt variety of Yiddish (Udmurtish) was divided into two linguistic subgroups: the central subgroup (with centers Izhevsk, Sarapul, and Votkinsk) and the southern subgroup (with centers Kambarka, Alnashi, Agryz and Naberezhnye Chelny).[32] One of the characteristic features of the Udmurtish is a noticeable number of Udmurt and Tatar loan words.[33][34]


Culture


Further information: Udmurt cuisine and Music in Udmurtia

Udmurt folklore is understood both in a broad sense (kalyk oner, kalyk todon-valan, kalyk viz - folk knowledge, folk wisdom), and in a narrower one (kalyk kylos, kalyk kylburet - folk poetry, oral poetry). In everyday life, folklore is not divided into genres, it is perceived in unity with material culture, with religious, legal and ethical aspects. Popular terms-definitions have incorporated the ritual action (syam, nerge, yilol, kiston, kuyaskon, syuan, madiskon), symbolically figurative and magically forming words (madkyl, vyzhykyl, tunkyl, kylbur), musical and choreographic behavior (krez, gur, shudon-serekyan, thatchan, ecton)[35]


References



Notes


  1. Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. Constitution, Article 9.1
  4. Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  5. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  6. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  7. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  8. Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  9. Constitution, Article 8
  10. https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/vasmer/49476/уд
  11. A.G. Ivanov, "Udmurty – 'Lugovye lyudi'", Linguistica Uralica Vol. 27, No. 3 (1991), pp. 188–92.
  12. Christopher I. Beckwith. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2009. Page 397.
  13. Tatyana A. Mikhailova (Moscow State University). Macc, Cailín and Céile – an Altaic element in Celtic? In: Hildegard L. C. Tristram, The Celtic Languages in Contact: Papers from the Workshop Within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies, Bonn, 26-27. Universitätsverlag Potsdam, 2007. p. 6.
  14. R. Matasović (2009): Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, p. 257.
  15. T. Gamkrelidze & V. Ivanov (1995): Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, p. 472-473.
  16. Белых С. К., Напольских В. В. Этноним удмурт: исчерпаны ли альтернативы? Linguistica Uralica. T. 30, № 4. Tallinn, 1994.
  17. Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987., p. 57
  18. Robert W. Orttung; et al. (2000). "Republic of Udmurtia". The Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation: A Guide to Politics, Policies and Leaders. EastWest Institute. p. 586. ISBN 9780765605597.
  19. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  20. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  21. "Главная::Федеральная служба государственной статистики".
  22. "Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики".
  23. "БГД".
  24. "ВПН-2010".
  25. "General Information". Land and People. Udmurtia Official. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
  26. "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
  27. 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
  28. Шумилов Е.Ф., "Евреи: элита инженерная, торговая, медицинская..." Свое дело. 2001. №11. С. 18. (in Russian)
  29. Карпенко И., "В окрестностях Хаимграда". Лехаим. 2009. №1 (201). (in Russian)
  30. Шумилов Е.Ф., "Евреи на Ижевском оружейном заводе". (in Russian)
  31. Ренев Е.,"Шалом. Народ Торы в старом Ижевске. Инвожо. 2012. № 8. С. 47. (in Russian)
  32. Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. no. 4 (66), p. 131. (Алтынцев А.В., "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131: Комментарии.) (in Russian)
  33. Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51.
  34. Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца." Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1. Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 3. (in Russian)
  35. "Удмуртский фольклор - ТАНГЫРА".

Sources



Further reading




Media related to Udmurtia at Wikimedia Commons


На других языках

[de] Udmurtien

57.213752.77975
- [en] Udmurtia

[es] Udmurtia

La República de Udmurtia (en ruso, Удмуртская республика, Udmúrtskaya Respúblika; en udmurto, Удмурт Элькун, Udmurt Elkun) es una de las veintiuna repúblicas que, junto con los cuarenta y siete óblast, nueve krais, cuatro distritos autónomos y dos ciudades federales, conforman los ochenta y tres sujetos federales de Rusia. Su capital es Izhevsk. Está ubicada en el distrito Volga limitando al oeste y norte con Kírov, al este con Perm, al sureste con el río Kama que la separa de Baskortostán y al sur con Tartaristán.

[ru] Удмуртия

Удму́ртская Респу́блика (удм. Удмурт Элькун; кратко: Удму́ртия[5]) — субъект Российской Федерации, республика в её составе[6][7].


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