Astrakhan Oblast (Russian: Астраха́нская о́бласть, Astrakhanskaya oblast, Kazakh: Астрахан облысы, Astrakhan oblysy) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in southern Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Astrakhan. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,010,073.[8]
Semi-desert in Narimanovsky District, Astrakhan OblastBogdo-Baskunchak Nature Reserve in Astrakhan Oblast
Astrakhan is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude. Its southern border is the Caspian Sea, eastern is Kazakhstan (Atyrau Region and West Kazakhstan Region), northern is Volgograd Oblast, and western is Kalmykia.
It is within the Russian Southern Federal District.
History
Astrakhan region is the homeland of the Buzhans, one of several Slavic tribes from which modern Russians evolved.[12]
They lived in Southern Russia and inhabited the area around the Buzan river. Buzan oblast was created on December27, 1943, on parts of the territories of the abolished Kalmyk ASSR and Astrakhan Okrug of Stalingrad Oblast.[13] Starting from the 16th century, Indians had moved to the region causing the region to be under Indian influence.[14][15]
August–December 1942, the Germans reached the edge of the Astrakhansky Oblast and crossed the edges into the Region, the Abwehr from 1942 to 1943 and Nazi Army stragglers, 1941–44.[citation needed]
Project Vega
See also: List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
From October 8, 1980 to October 27, 1984, and under the leadership of Nikolai Baibakov,[lower-alpha 1] the USSR held fifteen deep underground nuclear tests for Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy at the site Vega in the Ryn Desert in the east of the oblast less than 50km from downtown Astrakhan to create reservoirs for natural gas storage.[16][17] Because of the detonation depth (975 to 1,100 meters) and relatively low yield (3.2 to 13.5 kilotons), no radiation was released to the environment.[16] These blasts had lower yields than the Project Sapphire blasts, which were 40km south-southwest of Orenburg, to reduce any possible seismic destruction to nearby towns in the Volga delta including Astrakhan.[17][18] At that time, the natural gas fields near Astrakhan, which are at a depth of 3900 to 4,100 meters, could contain as much as 6 trillion cubic meters, which is an amount similar to Urengoy. In 2017, the Astrakhanskoye field, which is an area of 100km by 40km in the middle of the Astrakhan arch and is 60km northeast of Astrakhan, is the ninth largest in Russia and the largest in European Russia with an estimated gas in place of 102trillion cubic feet (2.9trillion cubic metres). The deposit is operated by Gazprom Dobycha Astrakhan which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Gazprom.[19] The field produces large amounts of sulfur, too.[19][20][21][22][23][24]
Modern history
On 30 October 1997, Astrakhan, alongside Kirov, Murmansk, Ulyanovsk, and Yaroslavl signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy.[25] The agreement would be abolished on 21 December 2001.[26]
Politics
Governor and Government of Astrakhan Oblast Administration Building on Sovetskaya Street
During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Astrakhan CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.
The Charter of Astrakhan Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Astrakhan Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Administration, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Astrakhan Oblast
Demographics
Population
Life expectancy at birth in Astrakhan Oblast [27][28]
95,217 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[32]
The local group of Russian varieties is known as Astrakhan Russian and refers to several dialects spoken in and around the Astrakhan Oblast.
Religion
Religion in Astrakhan Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[35][36]
Russian Orthodoxy
46%
Other Orthodox
4.3%
Other Christians
2.1%
Islam
14.6%
Rodnovery and other native faiths
1.7%
Spiritual but not religious
16.5%
Atheism and irreligion
6.2%
Other and undeclared
8.6%
According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people[35] 46% of the population of Astrakhan Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches, 2% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 14% are Muslims, and 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or other folk religions of the region. In addition, 16% of the population declares to be spiritual but not religious, 6% is atheist, and 10% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[35]
Smaller religious communities not represented in the poll cited above but present in the region include Hindus, Jews and Buddhists, each having one temple in Astrakhan Oblast.
See also
Astrakhan Khanate
Music of Astrakhan
Elections in Astrakhan Oblast
List of Chairmen of the Astrakhan Oblast Duma
Hinduism in Russia
Notes
In 1963, with support from individuals in the Krasnodarnefteproekt, Nikolai Konstantinovich Baibakov received the Lenin Prize in technology for his discovery and development of gas-condensate fields. Later, as Chairman of Gosplan from October 2, 1965, to October 14, 1985, he actively pursued the development of gas condensate fields across the Soviet Union.
References
Президент Российской Федерации.Указ№849от13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No.20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation.Decree#849ofMay 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as ofMay 13, 2000.).
Госстандарт Российской Федерации.№ОК 024-9527 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2.Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation.#OK 024-95December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2.Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment#5/2001 OKER. ).
Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том1[2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
Mikhaylov, Victor H. (ed.). Ядерные испытания в СССР[Nuclear tests in the USSR]. Ministry of Atomic Energy and the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (in Russian). Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
Nordyke, M. D. (September 1, 2000). "Underground Cavities for Storage of Gas Condensate". The Soviet Program for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions(PDF). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp.36–41. doi:10.2172/793554. Report no.: UCRL-ID-124410 Rev 2. Archived from the original(PDF) on December 23, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2017. U. S. Department of Energy contract no.: W-7405-Eng48.
"Демографический ежегодник России"[The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved June 28, 2022.
Государственная Дума Астраханской области.№21/2007-ОЗ9 апреля 2007 г. «Устав Астраханской области», в ред. Закона №49/2017-ОЗ от25 сентября 2017 г.«О внесении изменения в статью17 Устава Астраханской области». Вступил в силу30 апреля 2007 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Сборник законов и нормативных правовых актов Астраханской области", №18, 19 апреля 2007 г. (State Duma of Astrakhan Oblast.#21/2007-OZApril9, 2007 Charter of Astrakhan Oblast, as amended by the Law#49/2017-OZ ofSeptember25, 2017 On Amending Article17 of the Charter of Astrakhan Oblast. Effective as ofApril30, 2007 (with the exception of several clauses).).
Президиум Верховного Совета СССР.Указот27 декабря 1943 г. «О ликвидации Калмыцкой АССР и образовании Астраханской области в составе РСФСР». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.DecreeofDecember27, 1943 On Abolishing the Kalmyk ASSR and Establishing Astrakhan Oblast Within the RSFSR. ).
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