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Ergun (simplified Chinese: 额尔古纳市; traditional Chinese: 額爾古納市; pinyin: É'ěrgǔnà-shì; Mongolian: Эргүн Ergün), formerly Ergun Right Banner (Mongolian: ᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ Эргүнэ хот; Chinese: 额尔古纳右旗; pinyin: E'erguna You Qi), is a county-level city in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, containing the autonomous region's northernmost point. The city has an area of 28,958 square kilometres (11,181 sq mi),[2] and a population of 79,155 as of the 2019.[3]^: 20–1

Ergun 额尔古纳市 • ᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨ᠎ᠠᠬᠣᠲᠠ
County-level city
Village on the Argun River
Ergun in Hulunbuir
Ergun Location in Inner Mongolia
Coordinates: 50°14′35″N 120°10′52″E
Country	People's Republic of China
Autonomous region	Inner Mongolia
Prefecture-level city	Hulunbuir
Area [1]
• County-level city	28,400 km2 (11,000 sq mi)
• Urban	303.00 km2 (116.99 sq mi)
Population  (2017)
• County-level city	85,162
• Density	3.0/km2 (7.8/sq mi)
• Urban [1]	38,100
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code	022050
Area code	0470
Website	www.eegn.gov.cn

History

For most of its history, the region of present-day Ergun has not been controlled by Chinese states.[4] The area first came under Chinese control during the Qing dynasty, when it was administered as part of Hulunbuir.[4]

In 1908, the Jilalin Administrative Bureau (Chinese: 吉拉林设治局; pinyin: Jílālín Shèzhì Jú) was established to govern the area.[4]

In 1920, the area was re-organized as the Qigan Administrative Bureau (Chinese: 奇乾设治局; pinyin: Qígān Shèzhì Jú), but the area was re-organized again in 1921 as Qigan County (Chinese: 奇乾县; pinyin: Qígān Xiàn).[4]

In 1933, the area was re-organized as Ergun Right Banner (Chinese: 额尔古纳右旗; pinyin: É'ěrgǔnà Yòu Qí).[4] From 1948 to 1966, Ergun Right Banner was merged with Ergun Left Banner [zh], which occupied present-day Genhe, as Ergun Left Banner.[4] In 1994, Ergun Right Banner was abolished and the county-level city of Ergun was established.[4]

21st century

By 2000, the city administered five towns, one township, and two ethnic townships.[4] In 2001, the city was restructured to administer one subdistrict, two towns, one township, and two ethnic townships.[4]

In 2006, Xincheng Subdistrict (Chinese: 新城街道; pinyin: Xīnchéng Jiēdào) was renamed to Labudalin Subdistrict [zh; ru], and Shangkuli Township (Chinese: 上库力乡; pinyin: Shàngkùlì Xiāng) was upgraded to Shangkuli Subdistrict [zh].[4]

In 2011, Shiwei Russian Ethnic Township (Chinese: 室韦俄罗斯族民族乡; pinyin: Shìwéi Èluósī Zú Mínzú Xiāng) was abolished and Enhe Russian Ethnic Township and Mengwu Shiwei Sum were established.[4] Enhehada [zh] was also established.[4]

In 2013, Qigan Township [zh] was established.[4]

Geography

Administratively, Ergun is part of the prefecture-level city of Hulunbuir, and spans 11.4% of Hulunbuir's area.[2][5] It occupies 28,958 square kilometres (11,181 sq mi), bounded to the north and west by the Argun River, which forms China's border with Russia's Zabaykalsky Krai (formerly, Chita Oblast).[2][6] The city's border with Russia spans 675 kilometres (419 mi).[2] Ergun is also bordered by Genhe to the east, and the county-level city of Mohe in Heilongjiang to the northeast.[2]

The city stands at the foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains.[2] 73.4% of the city's area is forested, with much of it being virgin forests.[2][5] 17% of the city's area is natural grassland, particularly in the city's south, and 6% is cultivated.[2]

Apart from the Argun River, major rivers in the city include the Derbul River [zh; ru], the Gen River [zh; ru], the Hawu'er River [zh], the Jiliu River [zh], the Wuma River [zh], and the Enhehada River [zh], all of which are tributaries of the Argun River.[2]

Ergun Wetlands

The city hosts Ergun Wetlands (formerly known as the Genhe Wetlands), a plain delta formed by the Argun River, the Gen River [zh; ru], the Derbul River [zh; ru], and the Hawu'er River [zh].^{[citation needed]} The Ergun Wetlands is one of the largest wetlands in Asia, lying about 3 km to the west of Labudalin Subdistrict [zh; ru], Ergun's urban area and seat of government.^{[citation needed]}

After the end of September the wetlands wither and turn dark.[7] A panoramic view of the wetlands is afforded from a tourist scenic view overlooking the area from a hill 720 meters above sea level.[8]

The encroachment of urban development has made preservation of the wetland difficult but were bolstered by a wetland protection law in 2012.[9]

Climate

The city experiences an average annual temperature of −3.1 °C (26.4 °F), and an average annual precipitation of 375 millimetres (14.8 in).[2]

Administration

The city's seat of government is located in Labudalin Subdistrict [zh; ru].[2][10]

Subdivisions

Ergun is divided into two subdistricts, three towns, one township, two ethnic townships, one sum, and four township-level farms.[11]

Township-level divisions of Ergun[11]

English Name	Subdivision type	Chinese	Population (2010)[4]
Labudalin Subdistrict [zh; ru]	Subdistrict	Chinese: 拉布大林街道; pinyin: Lābùdàlín Jiēdào	35,727
Shangkuli Subdistrict [zh]	Subdistrict	Chinese: 上库力街道; pinyin: Shàngkùlì Jiēdào	6,708
Heishantou [zh]	Town	Chinese: 黑山头镇; pinyin: Hēishāntóu Zhèn	2,029
Moridaga [zh]	Town	Chinese: 莫尔道嘎镇; pinyin: Mò'ěrdàogā Zhèn	17,970
Enhehada [zh]	Town	Chinese: 恩和哈达镇; pinyin: Ēnhéhādá Zhèn	N/A
Qigan Township [zh]	Township	Chinese: 奇乾乡; pinyin: Qígān Xiāng	N/A
Sanhe Hui Ethnic Township	Ethnic Township	Chinese: 三河回族乡; pinyin: Sānhé Huí Zú Xiāng	10,648
Enhe Russian Ethnic Township	Ethnic Township	Chinese: 恩和俄罗斯族乡; pinyin: Ēnhé Èluósī Zú Xiāng	N/A
Mengwu Shiwei Sum	Sum	Chinese: 蒙兀室韦苏木; pinyin: Méngwù Shìwéi Sūmù	N/A
Inner Mongolia Labudalin Ranch	Township-level farm	Chinese: 内蒙古拉布大林农牧场; pinyin: Nèi Ménggǔ Lābùdàlín Nóngmùchǎng	N/A
Inner Mongolia Sanhe Stallion Ranch	Township-level farm	Chinese: 内蒙古三河种马场; pinyin: Nèi Ménggǔ Sānhé Zhǒngmǎchǎng	N/A
Inner Mongolia Shangkuli Farm	Township-level farm	Chinese: 内蒙古上库力农场; pinyin: Nèi Ménggǔ Shàngkùlì Nóngchǎng	N/A
Inner Mongolia Suqin Ranch	Township-level farm	Chinese: 内蒙古苏沁农牧场; pinyin: Nèi Ménggǔ Sūqìn Nóngmùchǎng	N/A

Demographics

Ergun is one of the least populated county-level divisions of Inner Mongolia, with a population of 79,155 as of 2019, making it the 87th most populated of the autonomous region's 103 divisions.[3]^: 20–1 This figure reflects a 1.0% decline from the 2018 population of 79,942.[3]^: 20–37[12] As of 2010, Ergun had a population of 76,667.[4]

Ethnicity

Ergun City Ethnic Composition

Ethnic group	2000[4]		2006[13]		2018[12]
	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage
Han Chinese	62,224	77.43%	64,591	75.84%	58,778	73.53%
Mongol	4,839	6.02%	7,294	8.56%	7,897	9.88%
Hui	6,616	8.23%	N/A	N/A	6,583	8.23%
Russian	2,713	3.38%	2,468	2.90%	2,613	3.27%
Manchu	2,713	3.38%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Daur	763	0.95%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Korean	182	0.23%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Evenk	156	0.19%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Oroqen	63	0.08%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Miao	55	0.07%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tujia	29	0.04%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sibe	3	<0.01%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Yi	2	<0.01%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Other	0	0.00%	10,809	12.69%	4,071	5.09%
Total	80,358	100.00%	85,162	100.00%	79,942	100.00%

In Ergun's towns and villages along the Argun River are thousands of descendants of intermarriages between Han Chinese men and Russian women.[14] This Russian descended population forms a large portion of the total number of Russians in China. One of these locations is Enhe Russian Ethnic Township, the sole official ethnic Russian township.[14]

Economy

Ergun's gross domestic product was ¥4.059 billion as of 2019,[3]^: 20–37[15] and ¥4.519 billion as of 2018.[12] As of 2018, 42.1% of the city's gross domestic product came from its primary sector, 11.1% came from its secondary sector, and 46.8% came from its tertiary sector.[12] The city's public budget revenue in 2019 was ¥150.55 million, ranking 91st out of Inner Mongolia's 103 county-level divisions.[3]^: 20–4 Its consumer retail sales totaled ¥1.826 billion, and its foreign trade totaled 56.32 million USD.[12]

Ergun City Economic Composition

Sector	2018[12]		2019[3]: 20–37
	Total (RMB)	Percent of whole	Total (RMB)	Percent of whole
Primary	1.902 billion	42.09%	1.70576 billion	42.02%
Secondary	0.502 billion	11.11%	0.45242 billion	11.14%
Tertiary	2.115 billion	46.80%	1.90133 billion	46.84%
Total	4.519 billion	100.00%	4.05951 billion	100.00%

The average household disposable income of Ergun's residents totaled ¥30,371 in 2019, a 7.8% increase from the ¥28,173 reported in 2018.[3]^: 20–37[12] For urban households, this number stood at ¥30,953 in 2019,[3]^: 20–37 a 7.0% increase from the ¥28,928 reported in 2018,[3]^: 20–37[12] which ranked 75th of the 101 county-level divisions in Inner Mongolia for which this statistic was reported.[3]^: 20–5 Rural households in Ergun average ¥28,470 in disposable income as of 2019,[3]^: 20–37 a 10.0% increase from 2018,[3]^: 20–37 which ranked the 3rd highest of the 90 county-level divisions in Inner Mongolia which reported this statistic.[3]^: 20–6

As of 2019, there are 99,140 mobile telephone subscriptions in Ergun (1.25 per capita), and 28,962 internet subscriptions (0.37 per capita).[3]^: 20–37

Mineral deposits in Ergun include coal, gold, lead, zinc, iron, tungsten, copper, and fluorite.[2]

Agriculture

The total value of Ergun's agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and aquaculture industry as of 2018 was ¥3.072 billion.[12]

In 2019, Ergun produced 263,482 tons of grain, the 37th most of the 96 county-level divisions of Inner Mongolia which reported this statistic.[3]^: 20–2 The city produced 9,255 tons of meat the same year, ranking 74th of Inner Mongolia's 103 county-level divisions.[3]^: 20–3

Tourism

Ergun has a significant tourism industry, attracting 5.733 million tourists in 2019 alone.[15]

The Ergun Wetland Scenic Area (Chinese: 额尔古纳湿地景区) is designated as a AAAA Tourist Attraction.[5]

Enhe Russian Ethnic Township has become a major tourist destination in recent years, attracting about 500,000 tourists in 2017 alone.[16] Much of the town's tourism is derived from its small rural character, as well as its unique intersection of Russian and Chinese culture.[16] Due to the cold climate of the region, most of the ethnic township's tourism takes place in summer months.[16]

Ergun also hosts the ancient ruins of the city of Heishantou and portions of the Great Wall of Jin [zh].[2]

Education

As of 2019, the city has 10 primary schools and 5 secondary schools.[3]^: 20–37

Secondary schools include:[17]

• Ergun City No. 2 Secondary School (额尔古纳市第二中学)
• Ergun City No. 3 Secondary School (额尔古纳市第三中学)
• Ergun City Moridaga Secondary School (额尔古纳市莫尔道嘎中学)
• Ergun City Sanhe Secondary School (额尔古纳市三河中学)

Primary schools include:[17]

• Ergun City No. 1 Primary School (额尔古纳市第一小学)
• Ergun City No. 2 Primary School (额尔古纳市第二小学)
• Ergun City No. 3 Primary School (额尔古纳市第三小学)
• Ergun City Enhe Primary School (额尔古纳市恩和小学)
• Ergun City Heishantou Primary School (额尔古纳市黑山头小学)
• Ergun City Moridaga Primary School 1 (额尔古纳市莫尔道嘎一小)
• Ergun City Sanhe Primary School (额尔古纳市三河小学)
• Ergun City Shangkuli Primary School (额尔古纳市上库力小学)
• Ergun City Shiwei Primary School (额尔古纳市室韦小学)
• Ergun City Suqin Primary School (额尔古纳市苏沁小学)

Healthcare

As of 2019, Ergun's medical institutions have 414 beds, and are staffed by 597 personnel.[3]^: 20–37

Transportation

Ergun hosts 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) of highway as of 2019.[3]^: 20–37 Inner Mongolia Provincial Highway 201 and Inner Mongolia Provincial Highway 301 both run through Ergun.[2]

Ergun has two international border crossings: one in Shiwei, and another in Heishantou [zh].[6]

References

На других языках

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- [en] Ergun City

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[ru] Аргунь (городской уезд)

Аргунь (кит. упр. 额尔古纳, пиньинь É'ěrgǔnà, палл. Ээргуна; монг. ᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ Ergüne qot, монг.кир.: Эргүн хот) — городской уезд на северо-западе городского округа Хулун-Буир, который находится на северо-востоке автономного района Внутренняя Монголия (КНР).

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