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Opa-locka /ˈoʊpəˌlɒkə/ is a city located in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population was 15,219.[2] The city was developed by Glenn Curtiss. Developed based on a One Thousand and One Nights theme, Opa-locka has the largest collection of Moorish Revival architecture in the Western Hemisphere,[3] and streets with such names as Sharazad Boulevard, Sinbad Avenue, Sabur Lane, Sultan Avenue, Ali Baba Avenue, Perviz Avenue, and Sesame Street.[3] Opa-locka has an area of 4.2 square miles (11 km²; 2,700 acres) and is located in the northwestern area of Miami-Dade County, Florida.

Opa-locka, Florida Opa-tisha-wocka-locka (Seminole)
City
Opa-locka City Hall
Seal
Location in Miami-Dade County and the state of Florida
U.S. Census Bureau map showing city limits
Coordinates: 25°54′06″N 80°15′03″W
Country	United States of America
State	Florida
County	Miami-Dade
Incorporated	May 14, 1926
Government
• Type	Council-Manager
• Mayor	Veronica Williams
• Vice Mayor	John H. Taylor, Jr.
• Commissioners	Sherelean Bass, Chris Davis, Audrey Dominguez
• City Manager	Darvin Williams
• City Clerk	Joanna Flores
Area [1]
• City	4.48 sq mi (11.61 km2)
• Land	4.31 sq mi (11.16 km2)
• Water	0.17 sq mi (0.45 km2)  3.13%
Elevation	7 ft (2 m)
Population  (2020)
• City	16,463
• Density	3,821.49/sq mi (1,475.60/km2)
• Metro	5,422,200
Time zone	UTC-5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-4 (EDT)
Zip Codes	33054
Area code(s)	305, 786
FIPS code	12-51650
Website	http://www.opalockafl.gov/

The name Opa-locka is an abbreviation of a Seminole place name, spelled Opa-tisha-wocka-locka (or Opatishawockalocka), meaning "wooded hummock" or "high, dry hummock."[4][5]

History

Opa-locka was founded by aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss in 1926. Curtiss developed the city with a Moorish architecture theme. While the 1926 Miami hurricane badly damaged the city and brought the Florida land boom to a halt, several Moorish-style buildings survived.[6][7] Twenty of the original Moorish Revival architecture buildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Opa-locka Thematic Resource Area.^{[citation needed]}

Amelia Earhart launched her historic trip around the world from Miami Municipal Airport, just south of Opa-locka.[8] The German dirigible Graf Zeppelin visited Naval Air Station Miami, which later became Opa-locka Airport, as a regular stop on its Germany-Brazil-United States-Germany scheduled route.[9]

In the 1950s, the airport—specifically Building 67—became the site of a large CIA operation, PBSuccess, run by operatives including E. Howard Hunt.[10] The operation helped launch the U.S.-led coup in Guatemala in 1954 and was a precursor to the Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961. The airfield center then served as a listening post for Cuba until the 82nd Airborne took over Opa-locka Airbase during the Cuban Missile Crisis.[11]

In the 1980s, Opa-locka transitioned from majority white to majority African-American and was seen as a pioneer in black empowerment in northern Dade County[12][13] where neighboring cities (North Miami, North Miami Beach, Miami Gardens, and Golden Glades) were undergoing a similar racial shift. In 1943, Opa-Locka hired its first Black police officer.[13] In 1972, the first Black City Commissioner was elected, Albert Tresvant,[14] who then went on to serve as the first Black mayor of Opa-Locka in 1975.[15]

The city was the first community in the United States to commemorate the first African-American President of the United States. A mile-long section of Perviz Avenue—from Oriental Boulevard to Ali Baba Avenue—was renamed Barack Obama Avenue on February 17, 2009.[16]

In addition to the unique buildings, Opa-locka has a large general aviation airport, three parks, two lakes and a railroad station which is currently the tri-rail station. The city is a mixture of residential, commercial and industrial zones. The city was the backdrop for the making of movies such as Salesman, "Living Dreams", Texas Justice, Bad Boys II and 2 Fast 2 Furious.[16]

2016 financial emergency

On June 1, 2016, Florida Governor Rick Scott issued Executive Order Number 16-135, declaring the City of Opa-Locka to be in a state of "Financial Emergency" under Florida Statute Section 218.503. According to the Executive Order:

• The Opa-Locka City Commission had met on the same day, requesting that the governor declare the financial emergency.
• The state and the City of Opa-Locka were to execute a State and Local Agreement of Cooperation, which binds the city's actions.
• The government would appoint a Financial Emergency Board.

On the same day, the Miami Herald reported that "Millions of dollars are in arrears as the city teeters on the edge of bankruptcy" and that "city officials remain under an FBI corruption investigation".[17] The article also reported that this financial emergency was the second declared for the city since 2002.^{[citation needed]}

Just over a week earlier, Opa-locka Commissioner Terence Pinder apparently drove his SUV into a tree at high speed, killing himself. He was scheduled to turn himself over to prosecutors the next day, having faced bribery charges.[18]

On June 10, Governor Scott named the Financial Emergency Board, consisting of:[19]

• Melinda Miguel – Florida Chief Inspector General, Executive Office of Governor Rick Scott
• Christian Weiss – Policy Coordinator, Executive Office of Governor Rick Scott
• Kim Mills – Director of Auditing, Florida Housing Finance Corporation
• Andrew Collins – Chief of Financial Monitoring and Accountability, Florida Department of Economic Opportunity
• Angela Knecht – Program Administrator, Florida Department of Environmental Protection
• Marie Walker – Director of Auditing, Florida Department of Revenue
• J.D. Patterson, Jr. – Former Director of the Miami-Dade Police Department (Retired)
• Vernita Nelson – Assistant City Manager, City of Miami Gardens
• Frank Rollason – City Manager, North Bay Village

The City of Opa-locka does not have an Audit Committee to help select the public accountant to perform the independent audited financial statements, as required by Florida Statute 218.391 (2)

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.5 square miles (12 km²). 4.3 square miles (11 km²) of it are land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km²) of it (3.13%) is covered by water.[20]

Climate

Surrounding areas

  Miami Gardens

  Miami Lakes Golden Glades

Unincorporated Miami-Dade County   Golden Glades

  Hialeah North Miami

  Hialeah, Westview

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1930	339		—
1940	497		46.6%
1950	5,271		960.6%
1960	9,810		86.1%
1970	11,902		21.3%
1980	14,460		21.5%
1990	15,283		5.7%
2000	14,951		−2.2%
2010	15,219		1.8%
2020	16,463		8.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[23] 2010[24] 2020[25]

2020 census

Opa-locka, Florida - Demographic Profile
(NH = Non-Hispanic)

Race	Pop 2010[24]	Pop 2020[25]	% 2010	% 2020
White (NH)	323	317	2.12%	1.93%
Black or African American (NH)	9,336	8,227	61.54%	49.97%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH)	21	15	0.14%	0.09%
Asian (NH)	27	40	0.18%	0.24%
Pacific Islander (NH)	1	2	0.01%	0.01%
Some Other Race (NH)	21	66	0.14%	0.40%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH)	82	192	0.54%	1.17%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	5,378	7,604	35.34%	46.19%
Total	15,219	16,463	100.00%	100.00%

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race

2010 United States Census

Opa-locka Demographics
2010 Census	Opa-locka	Miami-Dade County	Florida
Total population	15,219	2,496,435	18,801,310
Population, percent change, 2000 to 2010	+1.8%	+10.8%	+17.6%
Population density	3,535.8/sq mi	1,315.5/sq mi	350.6/sq mi
White or Caucasian (including White Hispanic)	27.7%	73.8%	75.0%
(Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian)	2.1%	15.4%	57.9%
Black or African-American	65.8%	18.9%	16.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	35.3%	65.0%	22.5%
Asian	0.2%	1.5%	2.4%
Native American or Native Alaskan	0.2%	0.2%	0.4%
Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian	0.2%	0.0%	0.1%
Two or more races (Multiracial)	2.1%	2.4%	2.5%
Some Other Race	3.8%	3.2%	3.6%

As of 2010, there were 5,966 households, out of which 14.8% were vacant. In 2000, 41.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.4% were married couples living together, 35.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 24.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.52.

In 2000, the city's population was distributed as 34.6% under the age of 18, 12.3% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.1 males.

In 2000, $25,000 was the median income for a family. Males had a median income of $22,347 versus $19,270 for females. The per capita income for the city is approximately $15,000. About 31.5% of families and 35.2% of the population are below the poverty line, including 42.3% of those under age 18 and 40.8% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 68.45%, while Spanish made up 28.30%, French Creole 2.78%, and French was at 0.48% of the population.[26]

As of 2000, Opa-locka had the 46th-highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US, with 9.58% of its populace.[27] It had the forty-ninth highest percentage of Dominican residents in the US, at 2.59% of the city's population,[28] and the fifty-second highest percentage of Haitian residents in the US, at 2.90% of its population (tied with four other areas, including Palm Springs, Florida).[29] It also had the forty-third most Jamaicans in the US, at 3.00% (tied with Margate),[30] while it had the nineteenth highest percentage of Nicaraguans, at 2.22% of all residents.[31]

Government

The city of Opa-locka was incorporated in 1926 and operates under a commission/city manager form of government. The city commission consists of the mayor and four commissioners, who are responsible for enacting ordinances, resolutions and regulations governing the city; and appointing the members of various advisory boards, the city manager, city attorney and city clerk. As chief administrative officer, the city manager is responsible for the enforcement of laws and ordinances, and the appointment and supervision of the city's department heads.[32] Municipal services include police, sanitation, water and sewer services, storm water services, maintenance of streets and infrastructure, and recreational activities. The financial reporting entity, under which the financial statements are prepared, includes all the activities and functions for which the city is financially accountable.

The federal government has been investigating the city's government since at least 2013. In 2014, auditors reported that basic bookkeeping was non-existent. The Miami Herald reported the mayor and other officials were using city funds for their own benefit. In 2016, the city manager and public works supervisor were arrested, charged with extortion of money in exchange for city permits.[33] Both quickly pled guilty.[34] The city's water system had been used by city workers as means of collecting money for their own use. In August, 2016 the city asked the county to take over the system.[35]

In 2022, the city hired Broward County law enforcement officer Scott Israel as its Police Chief, replacing acting police chief Michael Steel, who had been in the position since Steve Barreira resigned in late October 2021 after just months on the job. In 2019, Israel In a 2013 editorial, the Miami Herald called the city "crime-plagued" and the police department "deeply troubled". Florida Governor Ron DeSantis officially suspended Israel from his Broward County position in 2019 (replacing him with Gregory Tony) citing Israel's responses to the Fort Lauderdale airport shooting and the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting.[36]

Crime

In 2004, Opa-locka had the highest rate of violent crime for any city in the United States.[37] Calvin Godfrey wrote, in a 2009 Miami New Times article, that Opa-locka was "mired in crime and sinking fast."[38] He wrote that the police department, whose headcount had decreased from 50 to 16, had been "steadily deteriorating" for the 20-year period leading up to 2009. The Miami New Times received memorandums that, in Godfrey's words, "reveal an agency rife with controversy".

In January 2005, after negative Florida Department of Law Enforcement evaluations of the Opa-locka police force surfaced, the Miami-Dade Police Department sent county commissioner Barbara Jordan a report that projected it would cost $7 million per period to take over the Opa-locka police duties. In 2005, Opa-locka allocated $3.5 million to its officers. Jannie Beverly, Opa-locka's city manager, fired police chief James Wright in January 2008 after he had been accused of corruption.[38] In a 2013 editorial, the Miami Herald called the city "crime-plagued" and the police department "deeply troubled".

According to press reports in late 2011, local officer German Bosque led the state in the number of complaints and internal investigations of his activities. In 18 years, he had been the subject of 40 internal investigations, 16 for excessive force. During his career he had been fired five times and arrested three times.[39]

Opa-locka crime statistics reported an overall downward trend in crime based on data from 12 years, with both violent crime and property crime decreasing. Based on this trend, the crime rate in Opa-locka for 2013 was expected to be lower than in 2010.[40]

Education

Miami-Dade County Public Schools serves Opa-locka.

Dr. Robert B. Ingram/Opa-locka Elementary School is located in Opa-locka.[41] North Dade Middle School in Miami Gardens[42] and Hialeah/Miami Lakes Senior High in Hialeah serve the city.[43]

Library

The Opa-locka Branch library is one of the 50 branches included within the Miami-Dade Public Library System. This branch is open to the public on weekdays offering an After School Club and Storytime for children.[44]

Religion

Opa-locka had 30 houses of worship in 1996. During that year, Oscar Musibay of the Miami New Times said, "Like South Beach has hotels, Opa-locka has churches."[45]

Transportation

Opa-locka is served by Opa-locka Executive Airport, owned and operated by the Miami-Dade County Aviation Department.

Additionally, Opa-locka is served by Miami-Dade Transit buses and by Tri-Rail via the Opa-locka Station.

In popular culture

• Opa-locka is featured in the landmark 1969 documentary film Salesman, by the Maysles Brothers.
• In 1970, Mary Ann Vecchio, a teenaged runaway from Opa-locka, was in Kent, Ohio, on the day of the Kent State shootings on May 4, 1970. The image of Vecchio, kneeling by the body of a slain Kent State student, taken by Greensburg Tribune-Review freelancer John Filo, later won a Pulitzer Prize.
• In the 1991 film Soapdish, the leading character, played by Kevin Kline, is a down-and-out actor reduced to drunkenly performing the role of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman at the fictitious "Opa-Locka Dinner Theater."
• Opa-locka is mentioned in the 1995 action movie The Substitute by a black student who is being disciplined by Tom Berenger.
• The sequence in Goldfinger where CIA agent Felix Leiter is tailing Oddjob, who is driving Mr. Solo to the airport, was filmed in Opa-Locka.
• Opa-Loka is the title of a song on the 1975 album Warrior on the Edge of Time by the British band Hawkwind.

Notable people

• Brisco
• Harry Wayne Casey
• Dalvin Cook
• Rohan Davey
• Thad Lewis
• Yung Miami
• Montel Vontavious Porter
• Aurin Squire

References

External links

• City of Opa-locka
• Dr. Robert B. Ingram/Opa-locka Elementary School

На других языках

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[de] Opa-locka

Opa-locka ist eine Stadt im Miami-Dade County im US-Bundesstaat Florida. Das U.S. Census Bureau hat bei der Volkszählung 2020 eine Einwohnerzahl von 16.463[1] ermittelt.

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- [en] Opa-locka, Florida

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