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Mazandaran Province (pronunciation (help·info), Persian: استان مازندران, romanized: Ostân-e Mâzandarân; Mazanderani: مازرون, romanized: Mâzerun), is an Iranian province located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and in the adjacent Central Alborz mountain range, in central-northern Iran.[6]

Mâzandarân Province استان مازندران
Province
Counties of Mazandaran Province
Location of Mazandaran Province in Iran
Coordinates: _type:adm1st 36.5656°N 53.0588°E / 36.5656; 53.0588
Country	Iran
Region	Region 1[1]
Capital	Sari
Counties	20
Government
• Governor-general	Mahmoud Hosseinipour
Area [2]
• Total	23,833 km2 (9,202 sq mi)
Population  (2011)[3]
• Total	3,073,943
• Density	130/km2 (330/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+03:30 (IRST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+04:30 (IRST)
ISO 3166 code	IR-02
Main language(s)	Mazandarani(Tabari)[4]
HDI (2017)	0.845[5] very high · 4th

Mazandaran Province is one of the most densely populated provinces in Iran[7] and has diverse natural resources, notably large reservoirs of oil and natural gas.[8] The province's four largest counties are Sari, Amol, Nur, and Tonekabon.[9] It was founded in 1937.[10]

The diverse natural habitats of the province include plains, prairies, forests and rainforest[11] stretching from the sandy beaches of the Caspian Sea to the rugged and snowcapped Alborz sierra,[12] including Mount Damavand, one of the highest peaks and volcanoes in Asia.[13]

Mazandaran is a major producer of farmed fish,[14] and aquaculture provides an important economic addition to traditional dominance of agriculture.[15] Another important contributor to the economy is the tourism industry, as people from all of Iran enjoy visiting the area.[16] Mazandaran is also a fast-growing centre for biotechnology.[8] Mazandaran is the most proud province of Iran in the Olympics. Mazandaran is the most literate province in the country, and according to the available statistics, it has twofold the national average of elites, many of whom are elite in several scientific fields. Every year Mazandaran ranks at the highest level of life expectancy for men and women in the country. Mazandaran is one of the industrial provinces of the country and has the first rank for Tourism in Iran.

Etymology

Literally "the gate or the valley of the giants" from مازن‎ (mâzan) +‎ در‎ (dar) +‎ ـان‎ (ân), from Avesta (Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀‎, romanized: mazainiia, lit. 'giant'). The name has been used in Shahnameh to refer to a land inhabited by divs or (daevas) and sorcerers and is difficult to conquer. In Mazandaran, there are places named Div Asiyab, Div Cheshmeh, Div kela, Div hamam, etc.

Administrative divisions

The province covers an area of 23,842 km².[17] Sari is the capital city of the province.

Mazandaran is divided into 22 counties (shahrestan in Persian). All the shahrestans are named after their administrative center, except Savadkooh.

History

Human habitation in the area dates back at least 75,000 years.[18] Recent excavations in Gohar Tape in Rostamkola provide proof that the area has been urbanized for more than 5,000 years, and the area is considered one of the most important historical sites of Iran.[19] It has played an important role in cultural and urban development of the region.[20] Mazandaran is one of the oldest areas without a significant nomadic heritage, thus culturally sedentary. Indigenous peoples of the region include the ethnic Mazanderanis,[21] who speak an Iranian language which most closely resembles Gilaki and Sangiseri language, but also has phono-typical similarities to several Caucasian languages, reflecting the history of the region and its peoples. In the early 20th century, Reza Shah connected northern Elbourz to the southern slopes by constructing seven new roads and railways, the provinces of Mazandaran and Gilan became known as Shomal by all Iranians (meaning "the North" in Persian). Mazandaran is a Caspian province in the north of Iran.[22] Located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, it is bordered clockwise by Russia (across the sea), Golestan, Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, and Gilan provinces. Sari is the largest city and the capital of Mazandaran province.

Mazandaran Province was made part of the First Region upon the division of the provinces into five regions solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014.[1]

Pre-Islamic history

Part of a series on the History of Tabaristan
Prehistoric archaeology Huto and Kamarband Caves Gomeyshan Cave Gohar Tepe
Early inhabitants Amardians Derbices Tapurians
Early Sasanian houses House of Ispahbudhan House of Karen House of Mihran
Last Sasanian rulers Karenvand dynasty (550s–11th-century) Dabuyid dynasty (642–760) Bavand dynasty (651–1349) Masmughans of Damavand (651–760) Paduspanids (655–1598)
Early Shia rulers Alids (864–900, 914–928) Asfar ibn Shiruya (928–930) Ziyarid dynasty (930–1090) Buyid dynasty (934–1062) Nizari Ismaili state (1090–1256) Sarbadars (1337–1381) Afrasiyab dynasty (1349–1504) Jalalid dynasty (1349–1359) Marashis (1359–1596) Ruzafzun (1518–?)
Modern period Pahlavi dynasty Mazandaran Province
Iran portal
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Before the arrival of the Iranian-speakers to Iran, native people of this area were subsistence hunters and cattle herders. Archaeological studies in caves belt and Hutu man in Behshahr in the Mazandaran date to ca. 9500 BCE. The Amard were a tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea, including current day Amol. Tapuri[23] were a tribe in the Medes south of the Caspian Sea mentioned by Ptolemy and Arrian.[24] Ctesias refers to the land of Tapuri between the two lands of Cadusii and Hyrcania.[25]

The territory known as Mazandaran has changed hands among various dynasties from early in its history. There are several fortresses remaining from the Parthian Empire and Sasanian Empire, and many older cemeteries scattered throughout the province. During this era, Mazandaran was part of Hyrcania, which was one of the important provinces. In 662 CE, ten years after the death of Yazdegerd III the last Sasanian emperor, a large Muslim army under the command of Hassan ibn Ali invaded Tabarestan.

With the advent of the Sasanian Empire, the King of Mazandaran (Tabaristan and Padashkhwargar) was Gushnasp,[26] whose ancestors had reigned in the area (under the Parthian empire) since the time of Alexander the Great. In 529–536, Mazandaran was ruled by the Sasanian prince Kawus, son of Kawadh.[26] Anushirawan, the Sasanian king, defeated Zarmihr, who claimed his ancestry from the legendary blacksmith Kaveh.[26] This dynasty ruled the area till 645 AD, when Gil Gilanshah (a descendant of the Sasanian king Jamasp and a son of Piruz) joined Mazandaran to Gilan.[26]

In 651 the Sasanid Empire fell, and all of the Sasanid domains gradually came under Arab control, except for the Caspian region of Iran (among which Tabaristan).

Islamic history

Tabaristan maintained an existence independent of the Umayyad Caliphate which supplanted the Sasanian Empire in the early seventh century, with independent Zoroastrian houses like the Bavand and Karen fighting an effective guerilla warfare against Islam. A short-lived Alid Shiite state collapsed before the subsequent take-over by the Ziyarid princes. Mazandaran, unlike much of the rest of the Iranian Plateau maintained a Zoroastrian majority until the 12th century, thanks to its isolation and hardy population which fought against the Caliph's armies for centuries. During the post-Islamic period the local dynasties fell into three classes: local families of pre-Islamic origin; the ʿAlid sayyid; and local families of secondary importance.[26]

The Bawandids, who claimed descent from Kawus, provided three dynasties.[26] The first dynasty (665–1007) was overthrown on the conquest of Tabaristan by the Ziyarid Kabus b. Wushmgir.[26] The second dynasty reigned from 1073 to 1210, when Mazandaran was conquered by 'Ala al-Din Muhammad Khwarzamshah.[26] The third ruled from 1237 to 1349 as vassals of the Mongols.[26] The last representative of the Bawandids was killed by Afrasiyab Chulawi.[26]

The Karinids claimed descent from Karin, brother of Zarmihr who was the pre-Islamic ruler under the Sasanians.[26] Their last representative Mazyar was put to death in 839.[26]

The Paduspanids claimed descent from the Dabuyids of the north.[26] They came to prominence around 660 and during the rule of the ʿAlids were their vassals. Later, they were vassals of the Buyids and Bawandids, who deposed them in 1190.[26] The dynasty, restored in 1209–10, survived until the time of Timur; the branch, claiming descent from Kawus the son of Kayumarth reigned until 1567 and the other, that of Iskandar the son of Kayumarth, until 1574.[26]

In the 9th-11th century AD, there were repetitively military raids undertaken by the Rus' between 864 and 1041 on the Caspian Sea shores of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Dagestan as part of the Caspian expeditions of the Rus'.[27] Initially, the Rus' appeared in Serkland in the 9th century traveling as merchants along the Volga trade route, selling furs, honey, and slaves. The first small-scale raids took place in the late 9th and early 10th century. The Rus' undertook the first large-scale expedition in 913; having arrived on 500 ships, they pillaged the westernmost parts of Gorgan as well as Mazandaran and Gilan, taking slaves and goods.

In the Safavid era Mazandaran was settled by very large numbers of Georgians, Circassians, Armenians, and other Peoples of the Caucasus, whose descendants still live or linger across Mazandaran. Towns, villages and neighbourhoods in Mazandaran still bear the name "Gorji" (i.e., Georgian) in them, although most of the large amounts of Georgians, Armenians, and Circassians are already assimilated into the mainstream Mazandaranis. The history of Georgian settlement is described by Iskandar Beg Munshi, the author of the 17th century Tarikh-e Alam-Ara-ye Abbasi, and both the Circassian and Georgian settlements by Pietro Della Valle, among other authors.[28]

Before the reign of Nader Shah, the province was briefly occupied by the Russian army in the aftermath of the Russo-Persian War (1722–23) and returned to Persia in 1735. Following the outcomes of the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and the Russo-Persian War (1826–28) northern Iran, especially Mazandaran and Gilan, as well as, to a certain extent, Tehran, fell under a growing Russian sphere of influence.^{[citation needed]}

Modern era

During the reign of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, the verdant region of Mazandaran was paid due attention as a recreational area. Tapuria remained independent until 1596, when Shah Abbas I, Mazandarani on his mother's side, incorporated Mazandaran into his Safavid empire, forcing many Armenians Circassians, Georgians, to settle in Mazandaran. Pietro della Valle, who visited a town near Firuzkuh in Mazandaran, noted that Mazandarani women never wore the veil and didn't hesitate to talk to foreigners. He also noted the extremely large amount of Circassians and Georgians in the region, and that he had never encountered people with as much civility as the Mazandaranis.

Today, Persia proper, Fars, Mazanderan on the Caspian Sea and many other lands of this empire are all full of Georgian and Circassian inhabitants. Most of them remain Christian to this day, but in a very crude manner, since they have neither priest nor minister to tend them.

— Pietro della Valle

After the Safavid period, the Qajars began to campaign south from Mazandaran with Agha Mohammad Khan who already incorporated Mazandaran into his empire in 1782. On 21 March 1782, Agha Mohammad Shah proclaimed Sari as his imperial capital. Mazandaran was the site of local wars in those years, which led to the transfer of the capital from Sari to Tehran by Fath Ali Shah. In Modern era at Mazandaran make new house and bridge in Amol and Sari. In along the beach and in the forest built Villa and modern settlements.

The top provincial official referred to the existence of three international airports and three major sea ports in the province and the visit of millions of Iranian and foreign tourists to Mazandaran, including health tourists.

Geography and population

Geography

Mazandaran is located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. It is bordered clockwise by Golestan, Semnan and Tehran provinces.[29] This province also borders Qazvin and Gilan to the west. Mazandaran province is geographically divided into two parts: the coastal plains, and the mountainous areas. The Alborz Mountain Range surrounds the coastal strip and the plains abutting the Caspian Sea like a huge wall. Due to the prevailing sea breeze and local winds of the southern and eastern coasts of the Caspian Sea, sandy hills are formed, causing the appearance of a low natural barrier between the sea and plain. There is often snowfall in the Alborz regions, which run parallel to the Caspian Sea's southern coast, dividing the province into many isolated valleys. The province enjoys a moderate, subtropical climate with an average temperature of 25 °C in summer and about 8 °C in winter. Although snow may fall heavily in the mountains in winter, it rarely falls at sea level.

• 
  Caspian Sea coast at Noor
• 
  Shalizar (Rice Fields)
• 
  Pasturage
• 
  Aseman kuh (peak in Alborz range) viewed from Kahrizak Dare (lake), Lar.
• 
  Kafer Keli rock-cut dwellings, Larijan, Mount Damavand
• 
  Dyvasyab Mineral springs, Dasht-e Lar, Mount Damavand
• 
  Karaj Chalus Road
• 
  Javarom Forest Park
• 
  Damavand Mountain, The West Face, Mazandaran Province, Iran
• 
  Alborz Dam Lafoor
• 
  Forest in Mazandaran

Ecoregions:

• Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
• Elburz Range forest steppe

The total wood production from these forests is estimated at 269,022 cubic metres (9,500,400 cu ft). Golestan National Park and Shastkolateh forest watershed are located in Golestan Province and Mazandaran Province (the total area of the Hyrcanian forest is estimated at 965,000 ha (2,380,000 acres). From these forests, 487,195 ha (1,203,890 acres) are used commercially, 184,000 ha (450,000 acres) are protected and the rest are regarded as forest lands or over-used forests. The total of the forest woods used in this province is estimated at 770,551 cubic metres (27,211,800 cu ft). The Kojoor, Dohezar and Sehezar forest watersheds are located in Mazandaran province. The Elburz Range forest steppe ecoregion is an arid, mountainous 1,000-kilometer arc south of the Caspian Sea, stretching across northern Iran from the Azerbaijan border to near the Turkmenistan border. It covers 63,300 square kilometres (24,400 sq mi) and encompasses the southern and eastern slopes of the Alborz Mountains as well as their summits. The Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests ecoregion, with its lush green mountainsides and plains that receive moisture from the Caspian Sea, forms this ecoregion's northern border. The vast Central Persian desert basin ecoregion forms its southern border. The Alborz range is composed of a granite core overlain with sedimentary rock including limestones, shales, sandstones, and tuffs. Metamorphic rocks such as schists, marbles, and amphibolite are also widely found.[30] The climate is arid with annual precipitation varying from 150 mm to 500 mm, falling mostly as winter snow.

Environment

The now extinct Caspian tiger and the Caspian horse are two of the animals of Mazandaran province.

The 1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat was held in Mazandaran in the city of Ramsar.

Unlike the rest of Iran, Mazanderan is watered by numerous rivers, or mountain torrents, all running from the mountains to the sea. The German traveller Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, who visited this country in 1771, says that in the space of eight miles, on the road from Resht to Amot, 250 of such streams are to be seen, many of them being so exceedingly broad and deep, that the passage across is sometimes impracticable for weeks together.

Climate

Mazandaran province naturally comes under the influence of the geographical latitude, the Alborz mountain range, elevation from sea level, distance from the sea, and the southern barren areas of Turkmenistan, local and regional air currents, and versatile vegetation cover. These conditions result in the climatic division of the province into three types: (1) Moderate Caspian weather with hot, humid summers and mild, humid winters, (2) moderate mountainous weather with long, cold and freezing winters and mild and short summers, and (3) cold mountainous weather with long freezing winters and short cool summers. There is often snowfall during most of the seasons in the latter region, which continues till mid-summer.

The western and central plains of the province, up to the northern foothills of the Alborz Mountain Range, experience the mild climate of the Caspian region. In altitudes of 1,500 to 3,000 meters, a moderate mountainous climate with long, cold winters, and short, mild summers is prevalent. In this region, snow covers parts of the province even into the middle of the warm season. In fact, snow can be observed in this region even in the warmest months of the year.

Demographics

The population of the province has been steadily growing during the last 50 years. The following table shows the approximate province population, excluding the Golestan province, which has separated as an independent province in 1998.

The population is overwhelmingly Mazandarani, with a minority of Gilaks, Azerbaijanis, Georgians, Armenians, Circassians, Turkmen and others.

Mazandarani people have a background in Tabari ethnicity and speak Mazandarni. Their origin goes back to Tapuri people. So their land was called Tapuria, the land of Tapuris. Tapuris were made to migrate to the south coast of the Caspian Sea during the Achaemenid dynasty.[24][31][32]

The native people of Sari, shahi, babol, Amol, Nowshahr, Chalus, and Tonekabon are Mazandarani people and speak the Mazandarani language.[33][34]

The eastern Gīlakī dialect is spoken in the entire valley of the Čālūs river, though some Kurdish tribes were established in the yeylāq of Kojūr and Kalārdašt in the Qajar period.[35]

The Mazandarani inhabit the majority of the province. The closely-related others form the largest minority and are concentrated in Ramsar,[36][37] Tonekabon.[38]

In recent years the region has seen an influx of Iranians from other regions of Iran, many of them attracted by its nature and seaside.

Total population

Year	1956	1966	1976	1986	1996	2006	2011	2016[3]
Approximate population	835,000	1,250,000	1,596,000	2,275,000	2,602,000	2,922,000	3,073,943	3,283,582

Most Populous Cities

The following sorted table, lists the most populous cities in Mazandaran.

Rank	City	County	Population
1	Sari	Sari	347,402
2	Babol	Babol	250,217
3	Amol	Amol	238,528
4	Qaem Shahr	Qaem Shahr	204,953
5	Behshahr	Behshahr	94,703
6	Chalus	Chalus	65,196
7	Ramsar	Ramsar	74,179
8	Neka	Neka	60,991
9	Babolsar	Babolsar	59,966
10	Tonekabon	Tonekabon	55,434
11	Nowshahr	Nowshahr	49,403

Transportation

Train

The Mazandaran train station is the city's first modern rail station and it dates from the Pahlavi dynasty.

Roads

Mazandaran is connected to Tehran by Haraz road (Amol-Rudehen), Kandovan road (Chalus-Karaj), and Firoozkooh road (Savadkuh).

Airports

Dasht-e Naz Airport, serving the capital Sari, Noshahr Airport, and Ramsar International Airport are the domestic airports that connect the province to the other parts of the country.

Railway

v t e Iran North Railway Dept.
Legend
Gorgan Sabzdasht Bandar Torkaman Bandar Gaz Galoogah Tirtash Behshahr Rostamkola Amir Abad Neka Nobakht Sari Gooni Bafi Qaemshahr Shirgah Zirab Pol Sefid Savadkooh Sorkh Abad Veresk Dogol Gadook Firoozkooh Mahabad Zarrin Dasht Simin Dasht Kabootar Darreh Bonekooh To Tehran Dept.

Mazandaran is served by the North Railway Dept. of the Iranian Railways. The department connects the province to Tehran to the south and Gorgan to the east. The cities of Sari, Qaemshahr, and Pol Sefid are major stations of the department. The Trans-Iranian Railway was a major railway building project started in 1927 and completed in 1938, under the direction of the Iranian monarch, Reza Shah, and entirely with indigenous capital. It links the capital Tehran with the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea.

Language

Mazanderani or Tabari is a Northwestern Iranian language. Various Mazandarani dialects exist which are spoken in Mazandaran province and the neighbor province Golestan such as Mazanderani, and Gorgani and possibly Qadikolahi (Ghadikolahi) and Palani. Today, Mazandaranis also use Persian (Western Persian).[4] The educated can communicate and read Persian well.[39]

Mazandarani people have a background in Tabari ethnicity and speak Mazandarni. Their origin goes back to Tapuri people. So their land was called Tapuria, the land of Tapuris. Tapuris were made to migrate to the south coast of the Caspian Sea during the Achaemenid dynasty.[24][31][32]

The native people of Sari, shahi, babol, Amol, Nowshahr, Chalus, and Tonekabon are Mazandarani people and speak the Mazandarani language.[33][34]

The people residing in Chalus speak Mazanderani language. The dialect of Kalarestaqi[40] is spoken in the west of Chalus and the dialect of Kojuri[41] in the east.

The people residing in Nowshahr speak the Kojuri-dialect of Mazanderani language.[41]

The closely-related Gilaks form the largest minority in Mazandaran. They speak the Gilaki language and are concentrated in Ramsar,[36][37] and Tonekabon.[38] The native people in Ramsar are Gilaks although there are also Mazandarani people living there. They speak the Gilaki language although the style they speak has been influenced by the Mazandarani language, making it slightly different than the Gilaki spoken in Gilan.

The eastern Gīlakī dialect is spoken in the entire valley of the Čālūs river, though some Kurdish tribes were established in the yeylāq of Kojūr and Kalārdašt in the Qajar period.[35]

A dialect of Azeri is spoken in the town of Galoogah.[42]

In literature

In the Persian epic, Shahnameh, Mazandaran is mentioned in two different sections. The first mention is implicit, when Fereydun sets its capital in a city called Tamishe near Amol:

بیاراست گیتی بسان بهشت.................... به جای گیا سرو گلبن بکشت

از آمل گذر سوی تمیشه کرد .............. نشست اندر آن نامور بیشه کرد

And when Manuchehr is returning to Fereydun's capital, Tamisheh in Mazandaran (known as Tabarestan), after his victory over Salm and Tur.[43]

In the second section, a region called Mazandaran is mentioned in the Kai Kavoos era; it is an area which is mostly inhabited by Div (demons). The legendary Iranian Shah Kaykavoos, as well as the Iranian hero Rostam, each take turn to go to Mazandaran in order to battle the demons.

In a verse from Shahnameh, Zal tells Kai Kavoos: "I heard troubling news that the king is planning to go to Mazandaran".

However, this Mazandaran is not considered identical to the modern province of Mazandaran, and is instead a land to the west of Iran. The current province was simply considered a part of Tabaristan; the name Mazandaran is a later development, perhaps based upon local terminology.[44]

In Gaston Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera, one of the characters was formerly the daroga (chief of police) of Mazanderan.

Nowruz

The Tabarian New Year, or Neowrez, occurs in the pintek days of the Tabarian Calendar. In the Mazandarani language of Iran in the Mazanderani calendar, the year is divided into 12 thirty-day months and one pentad of days, often beginning on March 21. Neowrez Khani is one of the strongest and most popular traditions of the Mazanderani people.^{[citation needed]}

Ceremonies and events

Tirgan is a mid summer Iranian festival, celebrated annually on Tir 13 (July 3, 4, or 5). It is performed by splashing water, dancing, reciting poetry, and serving traditional foods such as spinach soup and shole-zard. The custom of tying rainbow-colored bands on wrists, which are worn for ten days and then thrown into a stream, is also a way to rejoice for children. Other famous events like, Varf chal, traditional ceremony with almost 800 years old as one of the unique rituals of Mazandaran associated with water was held in the village of Ab Ask and Lochu Wrestling game in different time.

Music and dance

Music in this region relates to the lifestyle of the inhabitants, and the melodies revolve around issues such as the forests, cultivation or farming activities and herding. The most famous dance of this area is the Shomali dance, not forgetting the stick dance that the men perform. Popular music in the province, known as the Taleb and Zohre, Amiri Khani and Katuli.

Tourism

Over 15 million Iranian and some 400,000 foreign tourists visit the province annually. More than 800 registered historical and cultural sites, 338 kilometers of shorelines, mineral springs in jungles and mountains, waterfalls, and caves are among the major tourism attractions in the Mazandaran province.

Filband, a village near the northern Iranian city of Babol in Mazandaran Province, is famous for its skies which are full of interconnected cumulus clouds, especially in springtime.[45] Mazandaran has been picked as the tourism capital of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) members states in 2022.[46]

Historical and natural tourist attractions

People

People from and/or active in Mazandaran Province or its historical region include:

Authors

Poetry

Music

Architecture

Cinema

Portraiture

Scholars

History

Science

Philosophy

Physicians and astrologers

Athletics

Royalty

Military

Politics

Christianity

Islamic scholars

Other religion

Master

Medical

Mazandaran today

Food

The cuisine of the province is very rich in seafood due to its location by the Caspian Sea, and rice is present in virtually every meal. Mazandarani cuisine is diverse between regions; the cuisine of coastal regions is different from mountainous regions, as people in the Alborz usually use the indigenous herbs and coastal people use the dishes of fish and Caspian Mazandaran rice with vegetables.

Economy

The province is one of the 5 wealthiest in Iran. Oil wealth has stimulated industries in food processing, cement, textiles, cotton, and fishing (caviar). Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization lists close to 630 sites of historical and cultural significance, many of which are tourist attractions. Rice, grain, fruits, cotton, tea, tobacco, sugarcane, Flower, Mineral water, caviar, Dairy product, Meat industry and silk are produced in the lowland strip along the Caspian shore. Oil wealth has stimulated industries in food processing, cement, textiles, cotton, and fishing (caviar). Mazandaran, with 230,000 hectares of paddies, produces about one million tonnes of rice a year, or 42 percent of the country's total.^{[citation needed]} Over 70 kinds of agricultural produce are grown in Mazandaran that meets 40% of domestic demand for rice and 50% of citrus fruits. The province is also the sole domestic supplier of kiwi.[50] Mazandaran has 3,500 industrial and production units.

Export

Germany, Russia, Iraq, France Turkey, Kazakhstan, India, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, Afghanistan, Belarus, Italy, Bahrain, Pakistan, Switzerland Ukraine, United States, Spain, Netherlands and Central Asian countries were Mazandaran's main export destinations during the period. The province in 2017 exported close to $800 million worth of goods. In the previous year totally about 800 million dollars of non-oil goods produced in Mazandaran were exported, half of which were exported from customs outside the province.[51] In 2017 year main exports from the province consisted of dairy products (57%), food products (12%), industrial commodities (10%), pipes and profiles (8%) and cement (7%).[52]

Station

Mazandaran is also a fast-growing centre for tourist, innovation, biotechnology and civil engineering.

Gas and oil

From 1951 to 1978, and particularly after the formation of National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), the first exploration well was spudded. Up to 1970, 16 wells had been drilled near mud volcanoes. All these wells produced only natural gas and technical studies showed that continuation of these operations would be uneconomical. 10 thousand tons export oil and Uncertain amount of gas exported to Asian countries from Mazandaran.

Statistics

• 9th rank industrial units Iran
• 5th rank general industry Iran
• 4th rank tooling machines Iran
• 2nd rank coal Iran
• 1st rank livestock and agricultural products Iran
• 1st rank granite Iran
• 1st rank fluorine Iran
• 1st rank flowers and ornamental plants Iran
• 1st rank citrus exports Iran
• 1st rank food products exports Iran

Colleges and universities

Main universities of Mazandaran:

• University of Mazandaran, Babolsar
• Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari
• Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol
• Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol
• Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari
• Shomal University, Amol
• Allameh Mohaddes Nouri University, Nur
• Imam Khomeini Naval University, Nowshahr
• University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr
• Iran University of Science and Technology, Nur

Sports

For the past several years Mazandaran has generated a consistent stream of wrestlers.[53] Football and volleyball are two other popular sports that have a lot of players in the Premier League and the national team. Weightlifting, Taekwondo, table tennis, boxing, kickboxing, kung fu, karate, rally car are other successful sports in the province. Kalleh Mazandaran VC, Shamoushak Noshahr F.C. and F.C. Nassaji Mazandaran are three famous teams in the province. Kalleh have twice won the Iranian Volleyball Super League Championship and once the AVC Championship.

Gallery

• 
  Mazandaran Coast
• 
  Nima House at Nour
• 
  Ramsar Palace
• 
  Shahrak-e Namak Abrud at Chalus
• 
  Safarud Jungle and River
• 
  Riding a watercraft in Ramsar
• 
  Babolsar Pleasure
• 
  Fire Temple of Amol
• 
  Snow in Tonekabon
• 
  Marals at Semes Kandeh Animal Shelter
• 
  Div Asiyab spring at Larijan
• 
  Glacial lake in Alam Kuh Kelardasht
• 
  Neka Railway
• 
  Museum of Reza Shah Pahlavi at Alasht
• 
  Davazdah Cheshmeh Bridge
• 
  Elimalat Lake
• 
  Coast Beach
• 
  Badab Sort springs
• 
  Filband Village
• 
  Farah Abad Complex
• 
  Nassereddin Shah relief
• 
  Fazeli House
• 
  Imamzadeh Abbas
• 
  Sefid Chah
• 
  Jomeh Bazaar bridge

Sister provinces

• Astrakhan
• Marche
• Dar es Salaam
• Issyk-Kul
• Mekong Delta

See also

• Tapurian people Mazandarani people.
• List of Mazanderanis
• Amardi
• Sasanian dynasty
• Maziar
• Tabaristan
• Dabuyid dynasty
• Pahlavi dynasty
• Alborz (Elburz) mountain range topics

References

Further reading

• W. Barthold (1984). "Gilan and Mazandaran". An Historical Geography of Iran. Translated by Svat Soucek. Princeton University Press. pp. 230–242. ISBN 978-1-4008-5322-9.

External links

• Official website
• mazendron on instagram
• Mazandaran Cultural Heritage Organization
• Official website of Mazandaran TV
• Houchang E. Chehabi (ed.). "Regional Studies: Mazandaran". Bibliographia Iranica. USA: Iranian Studies Group at MIT. (Bibliography)
• Registration Mazandaran
• A Mazandarani folk-song sung by Shusha Guppy in the 1970s: Darling Dareyne

На других языках

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[de] Mazandaran

Mazandaran, auch Masanderan, Masandaran und Mazanderan (persisch مازندران, DMG Māzandarān, masanderanisch .mw-parser-output .Arab a,.mw-parser-output a bdi.Arab{text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .Arab{font-size:120%}مازرون DMG .mw-parser-output .Latn{font-family:"Akzidenz Grotesk","Arial","Avant Garde Gothic","Calibri","Futura","Geneva","Gill Sans","Helvetica","Lucida Grande","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Stone Sans","Tahoma","Trebuchet","Univers","Verdana"}Māzerūn oder مازندرون, DMG Māzanderūn), ist eine iranische Provinz in Nord-Iran. Sie ging aus der alten Provinz Tabaristan hervor. Die Hauptstadt ist Sāri.

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- [en] Mazandaran province

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