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Jiangsu (UK: /dʒæŋˈsuː/;[4] US: /ˈdʒjɑːŋˈsuː/ [5] Chinese: 江苏; pinyin: Jiāngsū, alternatively romanized romanized as Kiangsu or Chiangsu) is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the leading provinces in finance, education, technology, and tourism, with its capital in Nanjing. Jiangsu is the third smallest, but the fifth most populous and the most densely populated of the 23 provinces of the People's Republic of China. Jiangsu has the highest GDP per capita of Chinese provinces and second-highest GDP of Chinese provinces, after Guangdong.[6] Jiangsu borders Shandong in the north, Anhui to the west, and Zhejiang and Shanghai to the south. Jiangsu has a coastline of over 1,000 kilometers (620 mi) along the Yellow Sea, and the Yangtze River passes through the southern part of the province.

Jiangsu 江苏
Province
Name transcription(s)
• Chinese	江苏省 (Jiāngsū Shěng)
• Abbreviation	JS / 苏 (pinyin: Sū)
• Wu	Kaonsu San
• Jiang–Huai	Jiang1 su1 Sen3
From top to bottom, left to right: Zifeng Tower in Nanjing, Zhouzhuang in Suzhou, Tiger Hill Pagoda, Xuzhou TV Tower, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Map showing the location of Jiangsu Province
Coordinates: 32°54′N 119°48′E
Country	China
Named for	江 Jiāng – Jiangning (now Nanjing) 苏 sū – Suzhou
Capital	Nanjing
Largest city	Suzhou
Divisions	13 prefectures, 106 counties, 1488 townships
Government
• Type	Province
• Body	Jiangsu Provincial People's Congress
• CCP Secretary	Wu Zhenglong
• Congress chairman	Wu Zhenglong
• Governor	Xu Kunlin
• CPPCC chairman	Zhang Yizhen
• National People's Congress Representation	149 deputies
Area
• Total	102,600 km2 (39,600 sq mi)
• Rank	25th
Highest elevation (Mount Huaguo)	625 m (2,051 ft)
Population  (2020)[1]
• Total	84,748,016
• Rank	5th
• Density	830/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
• Rank	4th
Demonym	Jiangsunese or Jiangsuvian
Demographics
• Ethnic composition	Han – 99.6% Hui – 0.2% (160,800)
• Languages and dialects	Mandarin (Official) Lower Yangtze Mandarin, Wu, Central Plains Mandarin Mandarin
ISO 3166 code	CN-JS
GDP (2021)	CNY 11.64 trillion USD 1.805 trillion [2]
- per capita	CNY 137,348 USD 21,294 (3rd)
• growth	8.6%
HDI (2019)	0.803[3] (very high) (4th)
Website	www.jiangsu.gov.cn

Jiangsu
Simplified Chinese	江苏
Traditional Chinese	江蘇
Postal	Kiangsu
Literal meaning	"Jiang(ning) and Su(zhou)"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jiāngsū Bopomofo ㄐㄧㄤ   ㄙㄨ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Jiangsu Wade–Giles Chiang1-su1 IPA [tɕjáŋ.sú] Wu Suzhounese Kaon-sou Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Gōng-sōu Jyutping Gong1-sou1 IPA [kɔ́ːŋ.sóu] Southern Min Tâi-lô Kang-soo

Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, Jiangsu has been a national economic and commercial center, partly due to the construction of the Grand Canal. Cities such as Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, and Shanghai (separated from Jiangsu in 1927) are all major Chinese economic hubs. Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1990, Jiangsu has become a focal point for economic development. It is widely regarded as one of China's most developed provinces, when measured by its Human Development Index (HDI).[3] Its 2021 nominal GDP per capita reached RMB 137,300 (US$21,287), becoming the first province in China to reach $20,000 mark.[7]

Jiangsu is home to many of the world's leading exporters of electronic equipment, chemicals and textiles.[8] It has also been China's largest recipient of foreign direct investment since 2006. Its 2021 nominal GDP was more than RMB 11.64 trillion (US$1.80 trillion), which is the fifth-highest of all country subdivisions.[7] If it were a country, it would be the tenth-largest economy as of 2021 as well as the 19th most populous.[9]

Jiangsu is also one of the leading provinces in research and education in China. As of 2022, Jiangsu hosts 168 institutions of higher education, ranking first of all Chinese provinces.[10] Jiangsu has many highly ranked educational institutions,[11] with 16 number of universities listed in the Double First-Class Universities, ranking second after Beijing. As of 2020, two major cities in Jiangsu ranked in the world's top 50 (Nanjing 8th and Suzhou 45th) cities by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[12]

Name

Jiangsu's name is a compound of the first elements of the names of the two cities of Jiangning (now Nanjing) and Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is "苏" (Sū), the second character of its name.[13]

History

During the earliest Chinese dynasties, the area that is now Jiangsu was far away from the center of Chinese civilization, which was in the northwest Henan; it was home of the Huai Yi (淮夷), an ancient ethnic group. During the Zhou dynasty more contact was made, and eventually the state of Wu appeared in southern Jiangsu, one of the many hundreds of states that existed across northern and central China at that time. Near the end of the Spring and Autumn period, Wu became a great power under King Helu of Wu, and defeated in 484 BC the state of Qi, a major power in the north in modern-day Shandong province, and contest for the position of overlord over all states of China. The state of Wu was subjugated in 473 BC by the state of Yue, another state that had emerged to the south in modern-day Zhejiang province. Yue was in turn subjugated by the powerful state of Chu from the west in 333 BC. Eventually the state of Qin swept away all the other states, and unified China in 221 BC.[14]

Under the reign of the Han dynasty (206 BC to 220 AD), Jiangsu was removed from the centers of civilization in the North China Plain, and was administered under two zhou (provinces): Xu Province in the north, and Yang Province in the south. During the Three Kingdoms period, southern Jiangsu became the base of the Eastern Wu (222 to 280), whose capital, Jianye (later renamed to Jiankang), is modern Nanjing. When nomadic invasions overran northern China in the 4th century, the imperial court of the Jin dynasty moved to Jiankang. Cities in southern and central Jiangsu swelled with the influx of migrants from the north. Jiankang remained as the capital for four successive Southern dynasties and became the largest commercial and cultural center in China.[15]

After the Sui dynasty united the country in 581, the political center of the country shifted back to the north, but the Grand Canal was built through Jiangsu to link the Central Plain with the prosperous Yangtze Delta. The Tang dynasty (618–907) relied on southern Jiangsu for annual deliveries of grain. It was during the Song dynasty (960–1279), which saw the development of a wealthy mercantile class and emergent market economy in China, that Jiangnan (southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, and adjacent areas) emerged as a center of trade. From then onwards, major cities like Suzhou or Yangzhou, would be synonymous with opulence and luxury in China. Today the region remains one of the richest parts of China.

The Jurchen Jin dynasty gained control of North China in 1127 during the Jin-Song wars, and Huai River, which used to cut through north Jiangsu to reach the Yellow Sea, was the border between the north, under the Jin, and the south, under the Southern Song dynasty. The Mongols took control of China in the thirteenth century. The Ming dynasty, which was established in 1368 after driving out the Mongols who had occupied China, initially put its capital in Nanjing. Regions surrounding Nanjing, corresponding to Jiangsu and Anhui today, were designated as the Nanzhili province (literally "southern directly governed"). Following a coup by Zhu Di (later, the Yongle Emperor), however, the capital was moved to Beijing, far to the north, although Nanjing kept its status as the southern capital. In late Ming, Jiangnan continued to be an important center of trade in China; some historians see in the flourishing textiles industry at the time incipient industrialization and capitalism, a trend that was however aborted.

The Qing dynasty converted Nanzhili to "Jiangnan province"; in 1666 Jiangsu and Anhui were split apart as separate provinces. Jiangsu's borders have been for the most part stable since then.

With the start of the Western incursion into China in the 1840s, the rich and mercantile Yangtze river delta was increasingly exposed to Western influence; Shanghai, originally an unremarkable little town of Jiangsu, quickly developed into a metropolis of trade, banking, and cosmopolitanism, and was split out later as an independent municipality. Jiangnan also figures strongly in the Taiping Rebellion (1851 – 1864), a massive and deadly rebellion that attempted to set up a Christian theocracy in China; it started far to the south, in Guangdong province, swept through much of South China, and by 1853, had established Nanjing as its capital, renamed as Tianjing (天京 "Heavenly Capital").

The Republic of China was established in 1912,[16] and China was soon torn apart by warlords. Jiangsu changed hands several times, but in April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek established a government at Nanking; he was soon able to bring most of China under his control. This was however interrupted by the second Sino-Japanese War, which began full-scale in 1937; on December 13, 1937, Nanjing fell, and the combined atrocities of the occupying Japanese for the next three months would come to be known as the Nanjing Massacre. Nanjing was the seat of the collaborationist government of East China under Wang Jingwei, and Jiangsu remained under Japanese occupation until the end of the war in 1945.

After the war, Nanking was once again the capital of the Republic of China, though now the Chinese Civil War had broken out between the Kuomintang government and Communist forces, based further north, mostly in Northeast China. The decisive Huaihai Campaign was fought in northern Jiangsu; it resulted in Kuomintang defeat, and the communists were soon able to cross the Yangtze River and take Nanking. The Kuomintang fled southward and eventually ended up in Taipei, from which the Republic of China government continues to administer Taiwan, Pescadores, and its neighboring islands, though it also continues to claim (technically, at least) Nanjing as its rightful de jure capital.

After the communist takeover, Peking (formerly Peiping, later spelled as Beijing) was made capital of the People's Republic, and Nanjing was demoted to be the provincial capital of Jiangsu. The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping initially focused on the south coast of China, in Guangdong province, which soon left Jiangsu behind; starting from the 1990s they were applied more evenly to the rest of China. Suzhou and Wuxi, two southern cities of Jiangsu in close proximity to neighboring Shanghai, have since become particularly prosperous, being among the top 10 cities in China in terms of gross domestic product and outstripping the provincial capital of Nanjing. The income disparity between northern and southern Jiangsu however remains large.

Geography

Jiangsu is flat, with plains covering 68 percent of its total area (water covers another 18 percent). Most of the province stands not more than 50 meters (160 ft) above sea level. Jiangsu also has a well-developed irrigation system, which earned it (especially the southern half) the moniker of traditional Chinese: 水鄕; simplified Chinese: 水乡 (shuǐxiāng "land of water"). The southern city of Suzhou has so many canals that it has been dubbed "Venice of the East" or the "Venice of the Orient."[17][18] The Grand Canal of China cuts through Jiangsu from north to south, crossing all the east–west river systems. Jiangsu also borders the Yellow Sea. The Yangtze River, the longest river of China, cuts through the province in the south and reaches the East China Sea, which divides the region into two parts: more urban, prosperous south and more poorer, rural north, and these two parts has a tense division.[19] Mount Huaguo, near the city of Lianyungang, is the highest point in Jiangsu, at an altitude of 625 meters (2,051 ft) above sea level. Large lakes in Jiangsu include Lake Tai (the largest), Lake Hongze, Lake Gaoyou, Lake Luoma, and Lake Yangcheng.

Before 1194 A.D., the Huai River cut through north Jiangsu to reach the Yellow Sea. The Huai River is a major river in central China, and it was the traditional border between North China and South China. Since 1194 A.D., the Yellow River further to the north changed its course several times, running into the Huai River in north Jiangsu each time instead of its other usual path northwards into Bohai Bay. The silting caused by the Yellow River was so heavy that after its last episode of "hijacking" the Huai River ended in 1855: the Huai River was no longer able to go through its usual path into the sea. Instead it flooded, pooled up (thereby forming and enlarging Lake Hongze and Lake Gaoyou), and flowed southwards through the Grand Canal into the Yangtze. The old path of the Huai River is now marked by a series of irrigation channels, the most significant of which is the North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal (traditional Chinese: 蘇北灌溉總渠; simplified Chinese: 苏北灌溉总渠), which channels a small amount of the water of the Huai River alongside south of its old path into the sea.

Most of Jiangsu has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa or Cwa in the Köppen climate classification), beginning to transition into a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) in the far north. Seasonal changes are clear-cut, with temperatures at an average of −1 to 4 °C (30 to 39 °F) in January and 26 to 29 °C (79 to 84 °F) in July. Rain falls frequently between spring and summer (meiyu), typhoons with rainstorms occur in late summer and early autumn. As with the rest of the coast, tornados are possible. The annual average rainfall is 800 to 1,200 millimeters (31 to 47 in), concentrated mostly in summer during the southeast monsoon.

Major cities:[20]

Administrative divisions

Jiangsu is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions, all prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city):

Administrative divisions of Jiangsu
Nanjing Wuxi Xuzhou Changzhou Suzhou Nantong Lianyungang Huai'an Yancheng Yangzhou Zhenjiang Taizhou Suqian Shanghai
Division code[21]	Division	Area in km2[22]	Population 2020[23]	Seat	Divisions[24]
					Districts	Counties	CL cities
320000	Jiangsu Province	102600.00	84,748,016	Nanjing city	55	19	21
320100	Nanjing city	6582.31	9,314,685	Xuanwu District	11
320200	Wuxi city	4787.61	7,462,135	Binhu District	5		2
320300	Xuzhou city	11764.88	9,083,790	Yunlong District	5	3	2
320400	Changzhou city	4384.57	5,278,121	Xinbei District	5		1
320500	Suzhou city	8488.42	12,748,262	Gusu District	5		4
320600	Nantong city	8001.00	7,726,635	Chongchuan District	3	1	3
320700	Lianyungang city	7615.29	4,599,360	Haizhou District	3	3
320800	Huai'an city	9949.97	4,556,230	Qingjiangpu District	4	3
320900	Yancheng city	16972.42	6,709,629	Tinghu District	3	5	1
321000	Yangzhou city	6591.21	4,559,797	Hanjiang District	3	1	2
321100	Zhenjiang city	3840.32	3,210,418	Jingkou District	3		3
321200	Taizhou city	5787.26	4,512,762	Hailing District	3		3
321300	Suqian city	8555.00	4,986,192	Sucheng District	2	3
Sub-provincial cities

Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
English	Chinese	Pinyin	Wu Romanization	Jiang–Huai (Langjin Pinin)
Jiangsu Province	江苏省	Jiāngsū Shěng	kaon sou san	Jiang1 su1 Sen3
Nanjing city	南京市	Nánjīng Shì	noe cin zy	Lang2 jin1 Shr4
Wuxi city	无锡市	Wúxī Shì	vu sih zy	U2 si5 Shr4
Xuzhou city	徐州市	Xúzhōu Shì	zi tseu zy	Sü2 zhou1 Shr4
Changzhou city	常州市	Chángzhōu Shì	zan tseu zy	Chang2 zhou1 Shr4
Suzhou city	苏州市	Sūzhōu Shì	sou tseu zy	Su1 zhou1 Shr4
Nantong city	南通市	Nántōng Shì	noe thon zy	Lang2 tong1 Shr4
Lianyungang city	连云港市	Liányúngǎng Shì	lie yuin kaon zy	Liän2 üin2 gang3 Shr4
Huai'an city	淮安市	Huái'ān Shì	wa oe zy	Huä2 ang1 Shr4
Yancheng city	盐城市	Yánchéng Shì	yie zen zy	Iän2 chen2 Shr4
Yangzhou city	扬州市	Yángzhōu Shì	yan tseu zy	Iang2 zhou1 Shr4
Zhenjiang city	镇江市	Zhènjiāng Shì	tsen kaon zy	Zhen4 jang1 Shr4
Taizhou city	泰州市	Tàizhōu Shì	tha tseu zy	Tä4 zhou1 Shr4
Suqian city	宿迁市	Sùqiān Shì	soh tshie zy	Su5 ciän1 Shr4

These prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 98 county-level divisions (55 districts, 21 county-level cities, and 20 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1,488 township-level divisions (1,078 towns, 122 townships, one ethnic township, and 287 subdistricts). At the end of the year 2017, the total population is 80.29 million.

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
#	City	Urban area[25]	District area[25]	City proper[25]	Census date
1	Nanjing[lower-alpha 1]	5,827,888	7,165,292	8,003,744	2010-11-01
(1)	Nanjing (new districts)[lower-alpha 1]	410,298	838,452	see Nanjing	2010-11-01
2	Suzhou [lower-alpha 2]	3,302,152	4,072,081	10,459,890	2010-11-01
(2)	Suzhou (new district)[lower-alpha 2]	781,771	1,273,880	see Suzhou	2010-11-01
3	Wuxi	2,757,736	3,543,719	6,374,399	2010-11-01
4	Changzhou[lower-alpha 3]	2,257,376	3,290,918	4,592,431	2010-11-01
(4)	Changzhou (new district)[lower-alpha 3]	275,185	551,991	see Changzhou	2010-11-01
5	Xuzhou[lower-alpha 4]	1,735,166	1,967,214	8,577,225	2010-11-01
(5)	Xuzhou (new district)[lower-alpha 4]	479,629	1,086,564	see Xuzhou	2010-11-01
6	Nantong	1,612,385	2,274,113	7,283,622	2010-11-01
7	Huai'an[lower-alpha 5]	1,523,655	2,635,406	4,801,662	2010-11-01
(7)	Huai'an (new district)[lower-alpha 5]	146,359	326,459	see Huai'an	2010-11-01
8	Yancheng[lower-alpha 6]	1,136,826	1,615,836	7,262,200	2010-11-01
(8)	Yancheng (new district)[lower-alpha 6]	347,389	706,662	see Yancheng	2010-11-01
9	Kunshan	1,118,617	1,644,860	see Suzhou	2010-11-01
10	Yangzhou[lower-alpha 7]	1,077,531	1,392,563	4,460,066	2010-11-01
(10)	Yangzhou (new district)[lower-alpha 7]	506,706	1,006,372	see Yangzhou	2010-11-01
11	Jiangyin	1,013,670	1,595,138	see Wuxi	2010-11-01
12	Zhenjiang	950,516	1,200,760	3,114,105	2010-11-01
13	Changshu	929,124	1,510,453	see Suzhou	2010-11-01
14	Lianyungang[lower-alpha 8]	897,393	1,050,523	4,393,482	2010-11-01
(14)	Lianyungang (new district)[lower-alpha 8]	413,809	950,486	see Lianyungang	2010-11-01
15	Suqian	783,376	1,437,685	4,719,178	2010-11-01
16	Zhangjiagang	762,625	1,246,762	see Suzhou	2010-11-01
17	Yixing	710,497	1,235,542	see Wuxi	2010-11-01
18	Taizhou[lower-alpha 9]	676,877	878,463	4,618,937	2010-11-01
(18)	Taizhou (new district)[lower-alpha 9]	376,724	728,645	see Taizhou	2010-11-01
19	Pizhou	631,572	1,458,038	see Xuzhou	2010-11-01
20	Rugao	614,909	1,267,066	see Nantong	2010-11-01
21	Xinghua	575,288	1,253,548	see Taizhou	2010-11-01
22	Taixing	553,079	1,073,921	see Taizhou	2010-11-01
23	Danyang	500,572	960,662	see Zhenjiang	2010-11-01
24	Dongtai	489,815	990,306	see Yancheng	2010-11-01
25	Qidong	479,243	972,525	see Nantong	2010-11-01
26	Haimen	453,781	907,598	see Nantong	2010-11-01
27	Taicang	435,225	711,854	see Suzhou	2010-11-01
(28)	Hai'an[lower-alpha 10]	424,900	866,337	see Nantong	2010-11-01
29	Xinyi	402,169	920,628	see Xuzhou	2010-11-01
30	Jingjiang	388,119	684,360	see Taizhou	2010-11-01
31	Liyang	368,409	749,522	see Changzhou	2010-11-01
32	Gaoyou	341,069	744,685	see Yangzhou	2010-11-01
33	Jurong	299,033	617,706	see Zhenjiang	2010-11-01
34	Yizheng	271,969	564,021	see Yangzhou	2010-11-01
35	Yangzhong	179,771	334,977	see Zhenjiang	2010-11-01

Politics

The politics of Jiangsu is structured in a one party (Communist) government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Jiangsu is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangsu. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jiangsu Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jiangsu CCP Party Chief."

Economy

As of 2021, Jiangsu had a gross domestic product (GDP) in nominal of RMB 11.64 trillion (US$1.80 trillion),[27] the second-highest in China after Guangdong. Its GDP is greater than those of South Korea and Russia which are the world's 10th- and 11th-largest economies respectively.[28] Jiangsu's GDP by nominal is greater than the GDPs of all other BRICS states, except India.[29] In 2021, Jiangsu's economy by Purchasing Power Parity reached US$2.83 trillion, making it the 3rd-largest of any country subdivision globally, behind California and Guangdong.[30] Jiangsu's economy in PPP also exceeded that of Italy with a GDP PPP of US$ $2.71 trillion, the 11th largest in the world.[31]

Jiangsu is very wealthy among the provinces of China. Its 2021 nominal GDP per capita reached RMB 137,300 (US$21,287), becoming the first province in China to reach $20,000 mark.[7] Cities like Nanjing, Suzhou, and Wuxi have GDPs per capita around twice the provincial average, making south Jiangsu one of the most prosperous regions in China.

The province has an extensive irrigation system supporting its agriculture, which is based primarily on rice and wheat, followed by maize and sorghum. Main cash crops include cotton, soybeans, peanuts, rapeseed, sesame, ambary hemp, and tea. Other products include peppermint, spearmint, bamboo, medicinal herbs, apples, pears, peaches, loquats, ginkgo. Silkworms form an important part of Jiangsu's agriculture, with the Lake Tai region to the south a major base of silk production in China. Jiangsu is an important producer of freshwater fish and other aquatic products.

Jiangsu has coal, petroleum, and natural gas deposits, but its most significant mineral products are non-metal minerals such as halite (rock salt), sulfur, phosphorus, and marble. The city of Xuzhou is a coal hub of China. The salt mines of Huaiyin have more than 0.4 trillion tonnes of deposits, one of the greatest collections of deposits in China.

Jiangsu is historically oriented toward light industries such as textiles and food industry. Since 1949, Jiangsu has developed heavy industries such as chemical industry and construction materials. Jiangsu's important industries include machinery, electronic, chemicals, and automobile.[32][33] The government has worked hard to promote the solar industry and hoped by 2012 the solar industry would be worth 100 billion RMB.[34] Jiangsu's economy growth has directly benefited from the reform Chinese's policies, and its growth trajectory reflects that of many other coastal provinces, such as Zhejiang and Shandong.[35] The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping have greatly benefited southern cities, especially Suzhou and Wuxi, which outstrip the provincial capital, Nanjing, in total output. In the eastern outskirts of Suzhou, Singapore has built the Suzhou Industrial Park, a flagship of Sino-Singaporean cooperation and the only industrial park in China that is in its entirety the investment of a single foreign country.

Jiangsu contains over 100 different economic and technological development zones devoted to different types of investments.[36]

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1912[37]	32,283,000	—
1928[38]	34,126,000	+5.7%
1936–37[39]	36,469,000	+6.9%
1947[40]	36,080,000	−1.1%
1954[41]	41,252,192	+14.3%
1964[42]	44,504,608	+7.9%
1982[43]	60,521,114	+36.0%
1990[44]	67,056,519	+10.8%
2000[45]	73,043,577	+8.9%
2010[46]	78,659,903	+7.7%
Shanghai was part of Jiangsu Province until 1927. Nanjing part of Jiangsu Province until 1927; dissolved in 1952 and incorporated into Jiangsu Province.

The majority of Jiangsu residents are ethnic Han Chinese. Other minorities include the Hui and the Manchus.

Demographic indicators in 2000

Population: 74.058 million (urban: 34.637 million; rural: 39.421 million) (2003)
Birth rate: 9.04 per 1000 (2003)
Death rate: 7.03 per 1000 (2003)
Sex ratio: 102.55 males per 100 females
Average family size: 3.25
Han Chinese proportion: 99.64%
Literacy rate: 97.88%

Religion

The predominant religions in Jiangsu are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 16.67% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.64% of the population identifies as Christian.[47] The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 80.69% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims.

In 2010, there are 130,757 Muslims in Jiangsu.[48]

Altar of the Three Pure Ones at the Temple of Zhenwu in Yangzhou. Xiangfu Buddhist Temple in Wuxi. Main courtyard of the Temple of Tianfei in Nanjing.

Transportation

Jiangsu is home to one of the most extensive transportation networks in China.

Air

Nanjing Lukou International Airport (IATA: NKG) serves as the major airport in the province, with flights to Tokyo, Osaka, Hong Kong, Seoul-Incheon, Frankfurt, Bangkok, Milan, Vancouver and Los Angeles. Other passenger airports include Sunan Shuofang International Airport, Changzhou Benniu Airport, Yangzhou Taizhou International Airport, and Nantong Xingdong Airport. Air traffic in the populated Suzhou area is often diverted to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, to which Suzhou is conveniently connected to via bus services and by expressway.

Xuzhou Guanyin International Airport, Yancheng Nanyang International Airport, and Lianyungang Baitabu Airport serve as hubs in northern Jiangsu.

Rail

The southern part of the province, namely the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor, has very high-frequency rail services. Jiangsu is in route of the Jinghu railway from Beijing to Shanghai, as well as the high speed line between the two cities: Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway and Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway, completed in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Since the completion of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed line, travel time between Beijing and Nanjing has been reduced to approximately four hours (from eleven hours previously); travel time between Nanjing and Shanghai on the fastest high-speed trains takes just over an hour.

As of 2022, all major cities in Jiangsu have been connected by high-speed lines, including: Shanghai-Nanjing intercity railway since 2010, Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway since 2011, Nanjing–Hangzhou high-speed railway since 2013, Nanjing–Anqing intercity railway since 2015, Lianyungang–Zhenjiang high-speed railway since 2020, Xuzhou–Yancheng high-speed railway since 2019, Yancheng–Nantong high-speed railway since 2020, Shanghai–Suzhou–Nantong railway since 2020, and Lianyungang–Xuzhou high-speed railway since 2021.

Road

Jiangsu's road network is one of the most developed in the country.[49] The Beijing–Shanghai Expressway (G2) enters the province from the north and passes through Huai'an, Yangzhou, Taizhou, and Wuxi on the way to Shanghai; travelling from Shanghai westbound, G2 forks at Wuxi and continues onto Nanjing separately as G42, the Shanghai–Nanjing Expressway, which serves the widely travelled southern corridor of the province. The Ningchang Expressway links Nanjing with Changzhou. The Suzhou area is extensively networked with expressways, going in all directions. The Yanhai Expressway links the coastal regions of the province, passing through Nantong, Yancheng, and Lianyungang.

Historically, the province was divided by the Yangtze River into northern and southern regions. The first bridge across the river in Jiangsu, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, was completed in 1968 during the Cultural Revolution. The second bridge crossing, Jiangyin Bridge, opened 30 years later at Jiangyin. As of October 2014, there were 11 cross-Yangtze bridges in the province, including the five in Nanjing, which also has two cross-river tunnels. The Jiangyin Bridge (1,385 m (4,544 ft)), Runyang Bridge (opened in 2005, connecting Yangzhou and Zhenjiang, 1,490 m (4,890 ft)), and Fourth Nanjing Bridge (opened in 2012; 1,418 m (4,652 ft)) all rank among the ten longest suspension bridges in the world. The Sutong Bridge, opened in 2008, connecting Nantong and Changshu, has one of the longest cable-stayed bridge spans in the world, at 1,088 m (3,570 ft).

Metro (subway)

As of October 2022, Jiangsu has five cities that have operational subway systems, together with two extra cities (Nantong and Huai'an) currently under construction. These five cities are Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Xuzhou.

The Nanjing Metro was opened in September 2005. It was the sixth city in Mainland China that opened up a metro system. As of December 2019 the city currently has 11 metro lines (Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 10, Line S1, Line S3, Line S6, Line S7, Line S8 and Line S9), with several extra ones (i.e. Line 5) under construction.

The Suzhou Rail Transit, also known as the Suzhou Metro, was opened in April 2012. As of October, 2022, it currently has five operational lines: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4 and Line 5. It also has four other lines under construction (Line 6, Line 7, Line 8, Line S1) and 11 lines under planning (Lines 9, 10, 11 through 16, Line 18, Line 20, Line S4, Line S5). Currently under construction lines are expected to be operational by 2024 and planned lines are expected to be operational by 2035.

The Wuxi Metro was opened in July 2014. The system is currently composed of four operational lines by 2022: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3 and Line 4. It also has two other lines under construction: Line S1 and an extension of Line 4.

The Changzhou Metro was opened in September 2019. The system currently only has two lines operational, Line 1 and Line 2.

The Xuzhou Metro was opened in September 2019, a few days after the Changzhou Metro started operations. The system currently only has three lines operational, Line 1, Line 2 and Line 3.

The Nantong Metro started construction in 2017. It has two lines under construction: Line 1 and Line 2. Line 1 is expected to start operations in 2022.

The Huai'an Metro, also known as the Huai'an Rail System, began construction in November 2018. There are seven lines planned: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 5, Line S1, and Line S2. It is expected to start operations before 2025.

Culture

The four mass migrations in the 4th, 8th, 12th and 14th centuries had been influential in shaping the regional culture of Jiangsu. According to dialects and the other factors, the province can be roughly segmented four major cultural subdivisions: Wu (吴), Jinling (金陵), Huaiyang (淮扬) and Xuhuai (徐淮), from southeast to northwest.^{[citation needed]} The belts of transition blurred the boundaries.[50][51][52]

Group	Wuyue	Lower Yangtze		Central Plains
Designation	Wu	Jinling	Huaiyang	Xuhuai
Major dialect	Wu Chinese	Lower Yangtze Mandarin	Lower Yangtze Mandarin	Central Plains Mandarin
Core	Suzhou	Nanjing	Yangzhou	Xuzhou

Jiangsu is rich in cultural traditions. Kunqu, originating in Kunshan, is one of the most renowned and prestigious forms of Chinese opera.[53]^{[citation needed]} Pingtan, a form of storytelling accompanied by music, is also popular: it can be subdivided into types by origin: Suzhou Pingtan (of Suzhou), Yangzhou Pingtan (of Yangzhou), and Nanjing Pingtan (of Nanjing). Wuxi opera, a form of traditional Chinese opera, is popular in Wuxi, while Huaiju is popular further north, around Yancheng. Jiangsu cuisine is one of the eight great traditions of the cuisine of China.

Suzhou is also well known for its silk, Chinese embroidery, jasmine tea, stone bridges, pagodas, and classical gardens. Nearby Yixing is noted for its teaware while Yangzhou is known for its lacquerware and jadeware. Nanjing's yunjin is a noted type of woven silk.

Since ancient times, south Jiangsu has been famed for its prosperity and opulence, and simply inserting south Jiangsu place names (Suzhou, Yangzhou, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess,^{[citation needed]} as was indeed done by many famous poets. In particular, the fame of Suzhou (as well as Hangzhou in neighbouring Zhejiang) has led to the popular saying: 上有天堂，下有蘇杭 ("above there is heaven; below there are Suzhou and Hangzhou"), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities. Similarly, the prosperity of Yangzhou has led poets to dream of: 腰纏十萬貫，騎鶴下揚州 ("with a hundred thousand strings of coins wrapped around its waist, a crane landed in Yangzhou").

Education

Higher education

As of 2022, Jiangsu hosts 168 institutions of higher education, ranking first of all Chinese provinces.[54] There are two Project 985, 11 Project 211, and 16 Double First Class universities in the province. A combination of 93 members of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering work in Jiangsu.[55] As of 2020, two major cities in Jiangsu ranked in the world's top 50 (Nanjing 8th and Suzhou 45th) cities by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[56]

Double First Class Universities in Jiangsu

Jiangsu (16)	Nanjing (13)	China Pharmaceutical University Hohai University Nanjing Aeronautics and Astronautics University Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Normal University Nanjing University Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing University of Science and Technology Southeast University
	Wuxi	Jiangnan University
	Suzhou	Soochow University
	Xuzhou	China University of Mining and Technology

Other Major Research Universities in Jiangsu

• Jiangsu University
• Jiangsu Normal University
• Yangzhou University
• Nanjing Tech University
• Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
• Changzhou University
• Nantong University
• Suzhou University of Science and Technology
• Nanjing Institute of Technology
• Huaiyin Institute of Technology

Additional schools

• Nanjing Jinling High School
• Tianyi middle School
• Xishan Senior High School
• Qianhuang Senior High School
• School of Foreign Languages and Cultures of NNU

Tourism

Nanjing was the capital of several Chinese dynasties and contains a variety of historic sites, such as the Purple Mountain, Purple Mountain Observatory, the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Ming dynasty city wall and gates, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum (the mausoleum of the first Ming Emperor, Hongwu Emperor), Xuanwu Lake, Jiming Temple, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial, Nanjing Confucius Temple, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, and the Nanjing Zoo, along with its circus. Suzhou is renowned for its classical gardens (designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site), as well as the Hanshan Temple, and Huqiu Tower. Nearby is the water-town of Zhouzhuang, an international tourist destination with Venice-like waterways, bridges and dwellings, which have been preserved over centuries. Yangzhou is known for Slender West Lake. Wuxi is known for being the home of the world's tallest Buddha statue. In the north, Xuzhou is designated as one of China's "eminent historical cities." The official travel and tourism website for Jiangsu[57] was set up in 2008.

• Lion Garden in Suzhou
• Grand Buddha at Ling Shan, Wuxi
• Chaotian Palace
• Qixia Temple
• Tianning Temple Pagoda
• Tombs of Southern Tang Emperor
• Yangzhong Puffer Fish

Sports

Professional sports teams in Jiangsu include:

• China League One
  • Kunshan F.C.
  • Nanjing City F.C.
  • Nantong Zhiyun F.C.
  • Suzhou Dongwu F.C.
• China League Two
  • Wuxi Wugou F.C.
• Chinese Basketball Association
  • Jiangsu Dragons
  • Nanjing Monkey King
• Chinese Volleyball League
  • Jiangsu Zenith Steel
• China Baseball League
  • Jiangsu Pegasus

International relations

Twin Provinces[58]

Country	State/Province	Time
Australia	Victoria	1979/11/18
Japan	Aichi	1980/7/28
North Korea	Kangwon	1984/11/8
Canada	Ontario	1985/11/21
United States	New York	1989/4/21
United Kingdom	Essex	1992/7/16
Germany	North Rhine-Westphalia	1992/8/1
Italy	Tuscany	1992/9/18
Japan	Fukuoka	1992/11/4
Pakistan	Punjab	1993/12/28
Germany	Baden-Württemberg	1994/4/23
Netherlands	North Brabant	1994/9/9
South Korea	North Jeolla	1994/10/27
Brazil	Minas Gerais	1996/3/27
Italy	Veneto	1998/6/22
Sweden	Östergötland	1999/3/22
Russia	Moscow Oblast	1999/8/20
Belgium	Namur	2000/5/7
South Africa	Free state	2000/6/7
Poland	Lesser Poland	2000/11/16
Finland	Southern Finland	2001/5/11
Colombia	Atlántico	2001/6/4
Malaysia	Malacca	2002/9/18
France	Alsace	2007/05/24
Mexico	Baja California	2006/8/23
Switzerland	Lucerne	2011/4/26
United States	California	2011/7/18
Turkey	İzmir	2012/4/30
Spain	Basque	2012/4/27
Denmark	Capital Region	2015/1/30
Belarus	Mogilev	2015/5/10
Namibia	Khomas	2015/6/19

Twin towns and sister cities[59]

• Nanjing with Aichi, Japan[60]

See also

• Major national historical and cultural sites in Jiangsu
• Jiangsu-Hong Kong Personnel Training Cooperation Programme

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

External links

• Jiangsu Government website (in Chinese)
• Jiangsu Government website (in English)
• Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces from 1821 to 1850 (in English and Chinese)

На других языках

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[de] Jiangsu

Jiangsu (chinesisch .mw-parser-output .Hant{font-size:110%}江蘇 / 江苏, Pinyin Jiāngsū), dt. nach Post Kiangsu, ist eine Provinz im Osten der Volksrepublik China, am Gelben Meer gelegen. Jiangsu liegt im Mündungsbereich des Jangtsekiang. Der chinesische Kurzname ist Su. Der Name Jiangsu leitet sich von den Namen der beiden Präfekturen ab, aus deren Zusammenfassung Jiangsu 1667 hervorging: Jiangning (das heutige Nanjing) und Suzhou.

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- [en] Jiangsu

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[ru] Цзянсу

Цзянсу́ (кит. упр. 江苏, пиньинь Jiāngsū, буквально: «Цзяннин и Сучжоу») — провинция Китайской Народной Республики, расположенная на побережье Жёлтого моря; её территория охватывает также нижнее течение реки Янцзы.

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