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Başkale (Kurdish: Elbak,[4] Armenian: Ադամակերտ Adamakert) is a town and district located in south-eastern Turkey in Van Province. There is one municipality in the Başkale district, the town centre, which was established in 1937. The neighbourhoods of the town of Başkale are: Tepebaşı, Yeni mahalle, Camii-Kebir, Samandöken, Cevkan, Kale, Hafıziye, Tarım, and Yakınyol. In the local elections of March 2019 Erkan Acar from the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) was elected mayor.[5]

Başkale
Başkale
Coordinates: 38°02′51″N 44°00′54″E
Country	Turkey
Province	Van
Government
• Elected Mayor	Erkan Acar (HDP)
• State appointed trustee	Asim Solak
Area [1]
• District	2,730.89 km2 (1,054.40 sq mi)
Population  (2012)[2]
• Urban	12,784
• District	62,550
• District density	23/km2 (59/sq mi)
Post code	65600
Website	www.baskale.bel.tr

Geography

Başkale is situated 20 km (12 mi) west of the Turkey-Iran border. 138 km (86 mi) of the national border is on the east and north-east of the Başkale district. Başkale shares district borders with Yüksekova district of Hakkari Province to the south, Saray and Özalp districts of Van Province to the north, and Gürpınar district of Van Province to the west.

Başkale is situated 2460 metres above sea level, in the valley of the Great Zab River (Zapsuyu), and the town stands on the eastern slope of the south-eastern Taurus Mountains. The majority of the 2,599 km² (1,003 sq mi) Başkale district is mountainous. The agricultural portion is only 355 km² (137 sq mi), approximately 14% of the total area. Başkale is enclosed by Mount (Yiğit)/Haravil (3468 m) in the east, Mount Başkale/İspiriz (3668 m) in the west, and Mount Gökdağ (3604 m) in the south-east. The mountains of Mor, Haravil, Mengene and Çekvan are in the district of Başkale. Other geographical features in Başkale include the Karasu river, and the plateaus of Nebirnav, Kevçikan, Hanasor, Çekvan, Aşkitan (Ülya), Perihan, Meydan, Harinan, Terazın, Sülav, Medgezeren, Pistekan, Herevil-Şirez, Derevan, Derik, Bağarük, Düava and Mengen.

History

This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2011)

Başkale was founded by Urartians as the town of Adamma. Since the 2nd century BC, it was known in Armenian language as Adamakert (Ադամակերտ) and was the main fortress of the Medz Aghbak district of the Armenian kingdom. Since 385 AD, control of the area alternated between Parthia and the Roman Empire. In the 3rd century AD, the Sassanid (Persian) Empire took control of the district from the Roman Empire.

After the division of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire took control in the 6th century. In 645AD, Arabs took control of the Başkale area. In the period of the Arsacid and Bagratuni dynasties' rule, Adamakert was taken back by the Armenian kingdom after resisting the Persian and Arabians. During the Arsacid era, Adamakert was a part of Armenia's Aghbak district and was a possession of Vaspurakan's Artsruni dynasty. The 10th century chronicler, Tovmas Artzruni, wrote that the dynasty had originated in this region, and mentions the city-fortress of Adamakert as the residence of the dynasty (believed to be the site of present-day Başkale).[6]

After the Battle of Malazgirt in 1071, control passed to Seljuk Empire. After 1100, Ahlatshah beylik (Sökmenoğulları) controlled the area. After a short period of Ayyubid control and the Mongol attack of 1245, the region was controlled by Anatolian Seljuks, Ilkhanate, and Timur. After the overthrow of Timur in 1386 by Kara Koyunlu federation of Turkoman tribes, the Safavids took control at the beginning of the 16th century. When the Yavuz Sultan Selim defeated the Safavids in the Battle of Çaldıran, Van and surrounding area was included in Ottoman Empire, but control returned to the Safavids several times after the Battle of Çaldıran. In 1548, during the period of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire finally took full control of the area.

In 1829, the German orientalist Friedrich Eduard Schulz was murdered near Başkale, along with four servants. Schultz had been traveling in the area since 1827, recording evidence of Urartian culture. Başkale became the capital town of Elbak kaza of Hakkari sanjak in the Ottoman vilayet (province) of Van.[7]

Demographics

According to Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition from 1911, the town included 10 thousand people, mostly consisting of Kurds but also 1.5 thousand Armenians and 1 thousand Jews.[8]

References

Further reading

• Maunsell, Francis Richard (1911). "Bashkala" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 465–466.
• "www.Baskale.gov.tr" (in Turkish).
• "Audio slideshow on the town of Baskale, documenting the local election campaign in 2009. Basque captions" (in Basque).

На других языках

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[de] Başkale

Başkale (türkisch für Hauptburg; armenisch Ադամակերտ .mw-parser-output .Latn{font-family:"Akzidenz Grotesk","Arial","Avant Garde Gothic","Calibri","Futura","Geneva","Gill Sans","Helvetica","Lucida Grande","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Stone Sans","Tahoma","Trebuchet","Univers","Verdana"}Adamakert, kurdisch Elbak) ist eine Stadtgemeinde (Belediye) im gleichnamigen Landkreis der türkischen Provinz Van und gleichzeitig eine Gemeinde der 2012 geschaffenen Büyükşehir belediyesi Van (Großstadtgemeinde/Metropolprovinz Van). Seit der Gebietsreform 2013 ist die Gemeinde flächen- und einwohnermäßig identisch mit dem Landkreis.

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- [en] Başkale

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[ru] Башкале

Башкале (тур. Başkale, арм. Ադամակերտ Адамакерт, курдск. Elbak) — город и район в 78-80 км от озера Ван на берегу реки Большой Заб (левый приток Тигра).[2] Находится на востоке Турции в иле Ван. Высота над уровнем моря — 2250 м.

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