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The London Borough of Waltham Forest (/ˈwɔːlθəm/)[3] is a London borough in north-east London, England. Its population is estimated to be 276,983 in 2019. It borders five other London boroughs: Enfield to the north-west, Haringey to the west, Hackney to the south-west, Newham to the south-east and Redbridge to the east, as well as the non-metropolitan county of Essex to the north.

London Borough of Waltham Forest
London borough
Coat of arms Council logo
Motto:  Fellowship is Life
Waltham Forest shown within Greater London
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Constituent country	England
Region	London
Ceremonial county	Greater London
Created	1 April 1965
Admin HQ	Walthamstow
Government
• Type	London borough council
• Body	Waltham Forest London Borough Council
• Leadership	Leader (Grace Williams) & Cabinet (Labour)
• Mayor	Cllr Elizabeth Baptiste[1]
• London Assembly	Sem Moema (Labour) AM for North East
• MPs	John Cryer (Labour) Stella Creasy (Labour) Iain Duncan Smith (Con)
Area
• Total	14.99 sq mi (38.82 km2)
• Rank	286th (of 309)
Population  (mid-2019 est.)
• Total	276,983
• Rank	54th (of 309)
• Density	18,000/sq mi (7,100/km2)
• Ethnicity[2]	36% White British 1.5% White Irish 0.1% White Romani or Irish Traveller 14.5% Other White 1.8% White & Black Caribbean 0.9% White & Black African 1% White & Asian 1.6% Other Mixed 3.5% Indian 10.2% Pakistani 1.8% Bangladeshi 1% Chinese 4.5% Other Asian 7.3% Black African 7.3% Black Caribbean 2.8% Other Black 1.5% Arab 2.6% Other
Time zone	UTC (GMT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (BST)
Postcodes	E, IG
Area code	020
ONS code	00BH
GSS code	E09000031
Police	Metropolitan Police
Website	https://www.walthamforest.gov.uk/

The borough was formed in 1965 from the merger of the municipal boroughs of Leyton, Walthamstow and Chingford; it took its name from Waltham Forest – an institution which managed deer in south-west Essex.

Epping Forest is a remainder of the former Waltham Forest and forms the eastern and northern fringe of the borough. The River Lea lies to the west where its associated marshes and parkland form a green corridor which, along the reservoir-lined reaches, separates north and east London, and is the historic border between Middlesex and Essex.

Waltham Forest was one of the host boroughs of the London Olympics in 2012, with the Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre and part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park providing an ongoing legacy in the UK and London.

History

Early history

The area was in the territory of the Trinovantes tribe during the Iron Age and through the Roman period, when the tribal area was a unit of local government. It subsequently became part of the Kingdom of the East Saxons a unit which is likely to have its roots in the territory of the Trinovantes.[4] After the Kingdom of Essex lost its independence, it evolved into the county of Essex.

The Domesday book of 1086 records four manors in the area, Chingford, Walthamstow, Higham and Leyton. At some point, before or after the Domesday survey these also became parishes, with Higham becoming part of the parish of Walthamstow. These parishes had largely stable borders from which those of the later Municipal Boroughs were derived, and these are the basis of our understanding of the extent of these local areas today.

Preservation of Epping Forest

The southern part of Epping Forest still extends into the north of the borough, 90% of it having been preserved by the Epping Forest Act of 1878. This not only assisted in preserving the forest, the attraction value also helped stimulate urbanisation of nearby areas.

Urbanisation

Until the late Victorian era, the area that became the modern borough was rural in nature with a small dispersed population and a primarily agricultural landscape. Leyton, in particular, grew quite rapidly between 1870 and 1910.[5]

Industrial firsts

In 1892, a private citizen named Frederick Bremer built the first British motorcar in a workshop in his garden, at Connaught Road, Walthamstow. The vehicle is on display at the Vestry House Museum in Walthamstow.[6] In 1909, the aviation pioneer A V Roe successfully tested the first all-British aeroplane, the Roe I Triplane, on land at Walthamstow Marshes.[7]

Air Raids in World War One

The area now known as Waltham Forest experienced at least two Zeppelin raids during World War I. On 17/18 August 1915, Airship L10 took a route roughly following the Gospel Oak to Barking railway line, dropping incendiary and high-explosive bombs. The first bomb, an incendiary, fell on Hoe St, Walthamstow, at the junction of Orford and Queens Road; the last was dropped in Aldersbrook area. Ten people were killed in Leyton and another 48 injured across the wider area. On 23/24 September 1916 the German Navy airship L 31 dropped around ten bombs along the line of Lea Bridge Road, Leyton, killing eight there. On both occasions the Germans believed they were bombing the City, and it is thought they mistook the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain for the Thames.[8]

Blitz - World War Two

During the most intense period of the Blitz (October 1940 to June 1941), the area was hit[9] by around 728 high explosive bombs, 17 parachute mines and an unknown, but much greater number of small incendiary bombs. Subsequent raids were lighter and less frequent,[10] but 1944 saw a number of V-1 'flying bombs' and V-2 long-range ballistic missiles hit the area, including a V-1 which landed on central Walthamstow killing 22[11][12] and a V-2 which landed on Chingford Road, Walthamstow killing 8.[13]

Creation of the modern Borough

The London Government Act 1963 established the borough in 1965 from the combined areas of the former Municipal Borough of Chingford, Municipal Borough of Leyton and Municipal Borough of Walthamstow.

A petition opposed calling the new borough "Walthamstow", so perhaps for that reason the new borough took its name from the former Waltham Forest, an institution responsible for managing deer in an area that stretched eastwards from the River Lea and included large areas of agricultural land as well as the wooded areas subsequently known as Epping Forest and Hainault Forest.

Settlement

The main centres of population in the borough are Chingford in the north, Walthamstow in the centre (the administrative hub including the council offices) and Leyton and Leytonstone to the South. Waltham Forest has the fifth largest Muslim population in England and the third largest in London (coming after its neighbouring boroughs, Newham and Tower Hamlets).

Population census

Year	Pop.	±%
1801	6,500	—
1811	8,165	+25.6%
1821	9,239	+13.2%
1831	9,505	+2.9%
1841	9,806	+3.2%
1851	10,759	+9.7%
1861	22,635	+110.4%
1871	34,512	+52.5%
1881	46,388	+34.4%
1891	92,948	+100.4%
1901	154,146	+65.8%
1911	255,661	+65.9%
1921	267,592	+4.7%
1931	280,094	+4.7%
1941	274,172	−2.1%
1951	268,383	−2.1%
1961	251,205	−6.4%
1971	235,145	−6.4%
1981	214,595	−8.7%
1991	217,625	+1.4%
2001	218,277	+0.3%
2011	258,249	+18.3%
Note:[14]

Ethnicity

Ethnic Group	1991[15]		2001[16]		2011[17]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
White: Total	157,824	74.4%	140,803	64.5%	134,799	52.1%
White: British	–	–	121,694	55.7%	92,999	36.0%
White: Irish	–	–	5,112	2.4%	3,959	1.5%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller	–	–	–	–	369	<1%
White: Other	–	–	13,997	6.4%	37,472	14.5%
Asian or Asian British: Total	26,940	12.7%	33,659	15.4%	54,389	20.8%
Asian or Asian British: Indian	7042		7,671	3.5%	9,134	3.5%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani	13298		17,295	7.9%	26,347	10.2%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi	1875		2,166	<1%	4,632	1.7%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese	1233		1,443	<1%	2,579	<1%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian	3492		5,084	2.3%	11,697	4.5%
Black or Black British: Total	23,921	11.3%	33,673	15.4%	44,791	17.3%
Black or Black British: African	5967		12,630	5.8%	18,815	7.3%
Black or Black British: Caribbean	14421		17,797	8.2%	18,841	7.3%
Black or Black British: Other Black	3533		3,246	1.5%	7,135	2.7%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total	–	–	7,749	3.6%	13,776	5.2%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean	–	–	3,007	1.4%	4,568	1.7%
Mixed: White and Black African	–	–	1,195	<1%	2,403	<1%
Mixed: White and Asian	–	–	1,580	<1%	2,602	1.0%
Mixed: Other Mixed	–	–	1,967	<1%	4,193	1.6%
Other: Total	3348	1.6%	2,457	1.1%	10,504	4.0%
Other: Arab	–	–	–	–	3,776	1.4%
Other: Any other ethnic group	3348	1.6%	2,457	1.1%	6,728	2.6%
Ethnic minority: Total	54,209	25.6%	77,538	35.5%	123,450	47.9%
Total	212,033	100%	218,341	100.00%	258,249	100.00%

Open spaces

Epping Forest and the green corridor along the River Lea provide some of the borough's many open spaces, which include:

• Epping Forest (part)
• Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (part)
• Lee Valley Reservoir Chain (part)
• Walthamstow Marshes
• The Walthamstow Wetlands Reserve, opened in 2017, provides 211 ha (520 acres; 2.11 km²) of open space.
• Leyton Jubilee Park
• Lloyd Park
• Ridgeway Park
• Chingford Mount Cemetery
• Mansfield Park
• Highams Park Field

Arts, culture and leisure

Historically known as the seat of the Arts and Crafts Movement under the stewardship of William Morris, Waltham Forest has continued to succour many contemporary artists & art groups. These include the North East London Independent Artists (NELIA) group, based at the Changing Room Gallery in Lloyd Park, the 491 Gallery in Leytonstone, and a number of independent artists, also mainly in the Leytonstone area. The annual E17 Art Trail, which includes open studios, exhibitions and events, is the biggest art event in the borough, and there is now a similar event in Leytonstone. Eamon Everall, founder member of the Stuckism art movement is a long-time resident in the borough where he also maintains a studio.[18]

Waltham Forest is home to a number of musicians that have found success in the UK, including East 17, Blazin' Squad, and Indie band Hefner, who formed in Walthamstow. The borough is also a centre of the grime musical genre; grime acts hailing from the borough include More Fire Crew, Lethal Bizzle, and Jammer amongst others.

The borough had a key role in the history of rave music culture, whether it be clubs, artists, and DJs. Widely regarded as one of the seminal tracks of jungle music, the creator of "We Are I.E." Lennie de Ice grew up and lived in Walthamstow. Walthamstow was also home to DJ Rap and MC Navigator.[19][20] The venue Dungeons was located on the Lea Bridge Road in Leyton, and a number of pirate radio stations including Friends FM, Dance FM, and Eruption FM broadcast from tower blocks such as the Cathall Estate in Leytonstone.[21]

The only theatre in the borough, The Waltham Forest Theatre, was situated in Lloyd Park. Though a local campaign was launched to save it in 2008 [22] the theatre was demolished in 2011.

Leyton Orient F.C. is the local professional football team, based at Brisbane Road, Leyton. In the 1962–63 season the club played in the top tier of English football, the Football League First Division, but currently are in League Two, the fourth tier of the English football league system.

Truman's Brewery is moving to Waltham Forest close to Blackhorse Road underground station in 2020, which will be a new entertainment hub in Walthamstow.[23]

Waltham Forest is the first ever London Borough of Culture. The award from the Mayor of London ensures that arts and culture are placed at the heart of our communities. Some of the programmes are: Hennography, Polish Jazz London Series, Human Library, E17: My Home, Waltham Forest Cello Fest - "London Borough of Culture meets Classical Music", We're all bats, E17 Designers Winter Night Market, Red Light Busking, Underground Lunchtime Recitals, Forest Uprising, Welcome to the Forest and Fighter Workshops.[24]

Housing

Waltham Forest was one of six local authorities to set up a Housing Action Trust under the Housing Act 1988. The Waltham Forest HAT covered various estates in need of regeneration: Cathall Road in Leytonstone, Oliver Close in Leyton, Boundary Road in Walthamstow and Chingford Hall in Chingford. The HAT transferred its redeveloped estates to Community-based Housing Association and shut down in April 2002. English Partnerships then demolished four empty tower blocks.[25]

The remaining Council housing in the borough is now managed by an arms-length management organisation, Waltham Forest Housing (formerly Ascham Homes).[26]

Olympics

Waltham Forest was one of four host boroughs in east London for the 2012 Olympics. The northern part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is located in Eton Manor. The borough hosted events in its three Olympic-size swimming pools, one synchronised swimming pool and one water polo pool. These pools were used for athlete training.

During the Paralympic Games, Eton Manor hosted the Wheelchair Tennis events, with temporary seating for 10,500 spectators.

In April 2012, the Ministry of Defence identified the roof of Fred Wigg Tower as a potential location for surface-to-air missile defences during the Games.[27]

Education

Waltham Forest has a number of institutes, including 3 colleges of further education. Leyton Sixth Form College was the second sixth form college in Southern England to get a licence,[28] and was awarded the title of best college in London for sport in 2013.[29] Others include Waltham Forest College and Sir George Monoux College. Waltham Forest has a sixth form college reorganised system which it adopted in 1985.[30]

Neighbouring authorities

Neighbouring authorities are Epping Forest (Essex) in the north, Redbridge in the east, with Newham and Hackney to the south. Haringey and Enfield lie to the west.

Constituent districts and wards

Districts

Wards

Transport

The Central line of the London Underground serves the south of the borough, running alongside the A12 road with stations at Leyton and Leytonstone. The Victoria line runs roughly through the middle of the borough with stations at Walthamstow Central and Blackhorse Road. The Gospel Oak to Barking line of London Overground has stations at Walthamstow Queen's Road, Blackhorse Road, Leyton Midland Road and Leytonstone High Road. London Overground also runs services on the Lea Valley lines from Liverpool Street station in the City of London and serves stations at St James Street, Walthamstow Central, Wood Street, Highams Park and Chingford. Greater Anglia serves the south-west of the borough with a station at Lea Bridge. A number of London Buses routes serve the borough, as well as six night bus routes. The Central line and the Victoria line are both part of the Night Tube, which provides overnight tube services on Friday and Saturday nights. The pioneering Mini Holland program has begun to provide protected cycle lanes across the southern half of the borough,[31] increasing the ability to use bicycles as a transport option.

In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: underground, metro, light rail, tram, 21.0% of all residents aged 16–74; driving a car or van, 7.0%; bus, minibus or coach, 7.0%; train, 6.5%; on foot, 4.3%; work mainly at or from home, 2.1%; bicycle, 1.8%.[32]

Law enforcement

There is one police station which is based in Chingford and a number of additional patrol centres throughout the borough. Policing is now provided by the North-East Basic Command Unit (BCU) following a merger of Waltham Forest's and Newham's policing in 2018[33]

Notable residents

Waltham Forest is the birthplace of William Morris, best known as one of the principal founders of the British Arts and Crafts Movement. Morris was a designer of wallpaper and patterned fabrics, a writer of poetry and fiction, and a pioneer of the socialist movement in Britain.

Other notable people, such as footballer and former England Captain David Beckham, rapper, songwriter and actor Redzz, I, Claudius star Derek Jacobi, former Essex and England cricket Captain Graham Gooch, and the film director and producer Alfred Hitchcock, were also born in the borough. The heavy metal band Iron Maiden was formed in Leyton, and Eastenders actress Rita Simons was born in Leytonstone. Notable Eastenders Actor Adam Woodyatt is from Walthamstow. The poet Pascale Petit, shortlisted three times for the TS Eliot poetry prize, lives in Walthamstow. Notable rap/grime artist Lethal Bizzle is from Walthamstow, and Grayson Perry, the 2003 Turner Prize-winning artist, has his studio in Walthamstow. X Factor finalist Fleur East is also from Walthamstow as well as British Taekwondo Athlete Lutalo Muhammad.

Sports teams

• Leyton Orient Football Club
• West Essex F.C.
• Leyton Football Club
• Lee Valley Lions

Twinned cities

The London Borough of Waltham Forest is twinned[34] with

• Saint-Mandé, France,
• Wandsbek, Germany,
• Antigua and Barbuda, and
• Dominica.

Friendship links have also been established with

• Mirpur, Pakistan.[34]

Gallery

• 
  Waltham Forest Town Hall
• 
  Queen Elizabeth's Hunting Lodge
• 
  Walthamstow Stadium
• 
  Leyton Town Hall
• 
  Walthamstow Marshes
• 
  Leytonstone Station
• 
  All Saints and St Paul's Tower
• 
  The 'Ancient House' in Walthamstow Village
• 
  Chingford Town Hall (No longer in use)
• 
  Walthamstow Bus Station just off Selborne Walk

See also

• Waltham Forest parks and open spaces
• Waltham Forest Guardian
• Whipps Cross Hospital

References

External links

• Waltham Forest Council
• Local newspaper
• Waltham Forest Police

На других языках

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- [en] London Borough of Waltham Forest

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[es] Waltham Forest

Waltham Forest es un municipio del Gran Londres, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte. (London Borough of Waltham Forest) Localizado en el nordeste del mismo, en el área conocida como Londres exterior. Fue creado por el Acta del Gobierno de Londres de 1963, que entró en vigor el 1 de abril de 1965.

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[it] Waltham Forest

Il London Borough of Waltham Forest è un borgo di Londra nella parte nord della città, e fa parte dell'Outer London.

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[ru] Уолтем-Форест

Лондонский боро Уолтем-Форест (англ. London Borough of Waltham Forest) — один из 32 лондонских боро, часть так называемого «Внешнего Лондона» — территории, не входившей до 1965 года в Графство Лондон. Площадь — 38,82 км². Исторически территория боро относится к графству Эссекс.

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