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Syracuse (/ˈsɪrəkjuːs, -kjuːz/ SIRR-ə-kewss, -kewz; Italian: Siracusa [siraˈkuːza] (listen); Sicilian: Sarausa [saɾaˈuːsa])[lower-alpha 1] is a historic city on the Italian island of Sicily, the capital of the Italian province of Syracuse. The city is notable for its rich Greek and Roman history, culture, amphitheatres, architecture, and as the birthplace of the pre-eminent mathematician and engineer Archimedes.[8] This 2,700-year-old city played a key role in ancient times, when it was one of the major powers of the Mediterranean world. Syracuse is located in the southeast corner of the island of Sicily, next to the Gulf of Syracuse beside the Ionian Sea. It is situated in a drastic rise of land with 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) depths being close to the city offshore although the city itself is generally not so hilly in comparison.

Syracuse
Siracusa (Italian)
Sarausa (Sicilian)
Comune
Comune di Siracusa
Ortygia island, where Syracuse was founded in ancient Greek times
Location of Syracuse
Syracuse
Location of Syracuse in Italy
Syracuse
Syracuse (Sicily)
Coordinates: 37°04′09″N 15°17′15″E
CountryItaly
RegionSicily
ProvinceSyracuse (SR)
Government
  MayorFrancesco Italia
Area
  Total207.78 km2 (80.22 sq mi)
Elevation17 m (56 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2017)[3]
  Total121,605[4]
Demonym(s)Syracusan,[5] Syracusian[6] (en)
Siracusano (it)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
  Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
96100
Dialing code0931
Patron saintSaint Lucy
Saint day13 December
Websitecomune.siracusa.it

The city was founded by Ancient Greek Corinthians and Teneans[9] and became a very powerful city-state. Syracuse was allied with Sparta and Corinth and exerted influence over the entirety of Magna Graecia, of which it was the most important city. Described by Cicero as "the greatest Greek city and the most beautiful of them all",[10] it equaled Athens in size during the fifth century BC.[11] It later became part of the Roman Republic and the Byzantine Empire. Under Emperor Constans II, it served as the capital of the Byzantine Empire (663–669). Palermo later overtook it in importance, as the capital of the Kingdom of Sicily. Eventually the kingdom would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860.

In the modern day, the city is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site along with the Necropolis of Pantalica. In the central area, the city itself has a population of around 125,000 people. Syracuse is mentioned in the Bible in the Acts of the Apostles book at 28:12 as Paul stayed there.[12] The patron saint of the city is Saint Lucy; she was born in Syracuse and her feast day, Saint Lucy's Day, is celebrated on 13 December.


History



Archaic period


A Syracusan tetradrachm (c. 415–405 BC), sporting Arethusa and a quadriga.
A Syracusan tetradrachm (c. 415–405 BC), sporting Arethusa and a quadriga.
Decadrachm struck at Syracuse, by the die-master Euainetos
Decadrachm struck at Syracuse, by the die-master Euainetos
Syracusian tetradrachm with the portrait of Athena by Eukleidas, c. 400 BC
Syracusian tetradrachm with the portrait of Athena by Eukleidas, c. 400 BC
Tetradrachm, circa 485–479 BC, with Arethusa on the obverse, and a quadriga driven by a male charioteer on the reverse.
Tetradrachm, circa 485–479 BC, with Arethusa on the obverse, and a quadriga driven by a male charioteer on the reverse.

Syracuse and its surrounding area have been inhabited since ancient times, as shown by the findings in the villages of Stentinello, Ognina, Plemmirio, Matrensa, Cozzo Pantano and Thapsos, which already had a relationship with Mycenaean Greece.

Syracuse was founded in 734 or 733 BC by Greek settlers from Corinth and Tenea, led by the oecist (colonizer) Archias. There are many attested variants of the name of the city including Συράκουσαι Syrakousai, Συράκοσαι Syrakosai and Συρακώ Syrakō.[7] The most acceptable theory is that the Phoenicians called it Sour-ha-Koussim, which means "Stone of the seagulls" from which would come the name of Syracuse.[13] A possible origin of the city's name was given by Vibius Sequester citing[14] first Stephanus Byzantius[7][15] in that there was a Syracusian marsh (λίμνη) called Syrako and secondly Marcian's Periegesis wherein Archias gave the city the name of a nearby marsh; hence one gets Syrako (and thereby Syrakousai and other variants) for the name of Syracuse, a name also attested by Epicharmus.[7][16] The settlement of Syracuse was a planned event, as a strong central leader, Arkhias the aristocrat, laid out how property would be divided up for the settlers, as well as plans for how the streets of the settlement should be arranged, and how wide they should be.[17] The nucleus of the ancient city was the small island of Ortygia. The settlers found the land fertile and the native tribes to be reasonably well-disposed to their presence. The city grew and prospered, and for some time stood as the most powerful Greek city anywhere in the Mediterranean. Colonies were founded at Akrai (664 BC), Kasmenai (643 BC), Akrillai (7th century BC), Helorus (7th century BC) and Kamarina (598 BC).


Classical period


The descendants of the first colonists, called Gamoroi, held power until they were expelled by the lower class of the city assisted by Cyllyrians, identified as enslaved natives similar in status to the helots of Sparta.[18][19] The former, however, returned to power in 485 BC, thanks to the help of Gelo, ruler of Gela. Gelo himself became the despot of the city, and moved many inhabitants of Gela, Kamarina and Megara to Syracuse, building the new quarters of Tyche and Neapolis outside the walls. His program of new constructions included a new theatre, designed by Damocopos, which gave the city a flourishing cultural life: this in turn attracted personalities as Aeschylus, Ario of Methymna and Eumelos of Corinth. The enlarged power of Syracuse made unavoidable the clash against the Carthaginians, who ruled western Sicily. In the Battle of Himera, Gelo, who had allied with Theron of Agrigento, decisively defeated the African force led by Hamilcar. A temple dedicated to Athena (on the site of today's Cathedral), was erected in the city to commemorate the event.

Syracuse grew considerably during this time. Its walls encircled 120 hectares (300 acres) in the fifth century, but as early as the 470s BC the inhabitants started building outside the walls. The complete population of its territory approximately numbered 250,000 in 415 BC and the population size of the city itself was probably similar to Athens.[11]

Gelo was succeeded by his brother Hiero, who fought against the Etruscans at Cumae in 474 BC. His rule was eulogized by poets like Simonides of Ceos, Bacchylides and Pindar, who visited his court. A democratic regime was introduced by Thrasybulos (467 BC).[20] The city continued to expand in Sicily, fighting against the rebellious Siculi, and on the Tyrrhenian Sea, making expeditions up to Corsica and Elba. In the late 5th century BC, Syracuse found itself at war with Athens, which sought more resources to fight the Peloponnesian War. The Syracusans enlisted the aid of a general from Sparta, Athens' foe in the war, to defeat the Athenians, destroy their ships, and leave them to starve on the island (see Sicilian Expedition). In 401 BC, Syracuse contributed a force of 300 hoplites and a general to Cyrus the Younger's Army of the Ten Thousand.[21]

Then in the early 4th century BC, the tyrant Dionysius the Elder was again at war against Carthage and, although losing Gela and Camarina, kept that power from capturing the whole of Sicily. After the end of the conflict Dionysius built a massive fortress on Ortygia and 22 km-long walls around all of Syracuse. Another period of expansion saw the destruction of Naxos, Catania and Lentini; then Syracuse entered again in war against Carthage (397 BC). After various changes of fortune, the Carthaginians managed to besiege Syracuse itself, but were eventually pushed back by a pestilence. A treaty in 392 BC allowed Syracuse to enlarge further its possessions, founding the cities of Adranon, Tyndarion and Tauromenos, and conquering Rhegion on the continent. In the Adriatic, to facilitate trade, Dionysius the Elder founded Ancona, Adria and Issa. Apart from his battle deeds, Dionysius was famous as a patron of art, and Plato himself visited Syracuse several times, where Dionysius, offended by Plato's daring to disagree with the king, imprisoned the philosopher and sold him into slavery.

His successor was Dionysius the Younger, who was however expelled by Dion in 356 BC. But the latter's despotic rule led in turn to his expulsion, and Dionysius reclaimed his throne in 347 BC. Dionysius was besieged in Syracuse by the Syracusan general Hicetas in 344 BC. The following year the Corinthian Timoleon installed a democratic regime in the city after he exiled Dionysius and defeated Hicetas. The long series of internal struggles had weakened Syracuse's power on the island, and Timoleon tried to remedy this, defeating the Carthaginians in the Battle of the Crimissus (339 BC).


Hellenistic period


The siege of Syracuse in a 17th-century engraving.
The siege of Syracuse in a 17th-century engraving.

After Timoleon's death the struggle among the city's parties restarted and ended with the rise of another tyrant, Agathocles, who seized power with a coup in 317 BC. He resumed the war against Carthage, with alternate fortunes. He was besieged in Syracuse by the Carthaginians in 311 BC, but he escaped from the city with a small fleet. He scored a moral success, bringing the war to the Carthaginians' native African soil, inflicting heavy losses to the enemy. The defenders of Syracuse destroyed the Carthaginian army which besieged them. However, Agathocles was eventually defeated in Africa as well. The war ended with another treaty of peace which did not prevent the Carthaginians from interfering in the politics of Syracuse after the death of Agathocles (289 BC). They laid siege to Syracuse for the fourth and last time in 278 BC. They retreated at the arrival of king Pyrrhus of Epirus, whom Syracuse had asked for help. After a brief period under the rule of Epirus, Hiero II seized power in 275 BC.

Hiero inaugurated a period of 50 years of peace and prosperity, in which Syracuse became one of the most renowned capitals of Antiquity. He issued the so-called Lex Hieronica, which was later adopted by the Romans for their administration of Sicily; he also had the theatre enlarged and a new immense altar, the "Hiero's Ara", built. Under his rule lived the most famous Syracusan, the mathematician and natural philosopher Archimedes. Among his many inventions were various military engines including the claw of Archimedes, later used to resist the Roman siege of 214–212 BC. Literary figures included Theocritus and others.

Hiero's successor, the young Hieronymus (ruled from 215 BC), broke the alliance with the Romans after their defeat at the Battle of Cannae and accepted Carthage's support. The Romans, led by consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus, besieged the city in 214 BC. The city held out for three years, but fell in 212 BC. The successes of the Syracusians in repelling the Roman siege had made them overconfident. In 212 BC, the Romans received information that the city's inhabitants were to participate in the annual festival to their goddess Artemis. A small party of Roman soldiers approached the city under the cover of night and managed to scale the walls to get into the outer city and with reinforcements soon took control, killing Archimedes in the process, but the main fortress remained firm. After an eight-month siege and with parleys in progress, an Iberian captain named Moeriscus is believed to have let the Romans in near the Fountains of Arethusa. On the agreed signal, during a diversionary attack, he opened the gate. After setting guards on the houses of the pro-Roman faction, Marcellus gave Syracuse to plunder.


Imperial Roman and Byzantine period


The Roman amphitheatre
The Roman amphitheatre
The Temple of Apollo
The Temple of Apollo
Piazza Duomo
Piazza Duomo
The Cathedral
The Cathedral

Though declining slowly through the years, Syracuse maintained the status of capital of the Roman government of Sicily and seat of the praetor. It remained an important port for trade between the Eastern and the Western parts of the Empire. Christianity spread in the city through the efforts of Paul of Tarsus and Saint Marziano, the first bishop of the city, who made it one of the main centres of proselytism in the West. In the age of Christian persecutions massive catacombs were carved, whose size is second only to those of Rome.

After a period of Vandal rule, 469–477, Syracuse and the island was recovered for Roman rule under Odoacer, 476–491 and Theodoric the Great, 491–526, by Belisarius for the Byzantine Empire (31 December 535).[22] From 663 to 668 Syracuse was the seat of the Greek-speaking Emperor Constans II, as well as a capital of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire and metropolis of the whole Sicilian Church. Constans II was assassinated when his plans to permanently replace the Byzantine capital of Constantinople with Syracuse became suspected.


Emirate of Sicily


The city was besieged by the Aghlabids for almost a year in 827–828, but Byzantine reinforcements prevented its fall. It remained the center of Byzantine resistance to the gradual Muslim conquest of Sicily until it fell to the Aghlabids after another siege on 20/21 May 878. During the two centuries of Muslim rule, the capital of the Emirate of Sicily was moved from Syracuse to Palermo. The cathedral was converted into a mosque and the quarter on the Ortygia island was gradually rebuilt along Islamic styles. The city, nevertheless, maintained important trade relationships, and housed a relatively flourishing cultural and artistic life: several Arab poets, including Ibn Hamdis, the most important Sicilian Arab poet of the 12th century, flourished in the city.


Norman kingdom of Sicily


In 1038, the Byzantine general George Maniakes reconquered the city, sending the relics of St. Lucy to Constantinople. The eponymous castle on the cape of Ortygia bears his name, although it was built under the Hohenstaufen rule. In 1085 the Normans entered Syracuse, one of the last Arab strongholds, after a summer-long siege by Roger I of Sicily and his son Jordan of Hauteville, who was given the city as count. New quarters were built, and the cathedral was restored, as well as other churches.


High medieval period


In 1194, Emperor Henry VI occupied the Sicilian kingdom, including Syracuse. After a short period of Genoese rule (1205–1220) under the notorious admiral and pirate Alamanno da Costa, which favoured a rise of trades, royal authority was re-asserted in the city by Frederick II. He began the construction of the Castello Maniace, the Bishops' Palace and the Bellomo Palace. Frederick's death brought a period of unrest and feudal anarchy. In the War of the Sicilian Vespers between the Angevin and Aragonese dynasties for control of Sicily, Syracuse sided with the Aragonese and expelled the Angevins in 1298, receiving from the Spanish sovereigns great privileges in reward. The preeminence of baronial families is also shown by the construction of the palaces of Abela, Chiaramonte, Nava, Montalto.


16th–20th centuries


The city was struck by two ruinous earthquakes in 1542 and 1693, and a plague in 1729. The 17th century destruction changed the appearance of Syracuse forever, as well as the entire Val di Noto, whose cities were rebuilt along the typical lines of Sicilian Baroque, considered one of the most typical expressions of the architecture of Southern Italy. The spread of cholera in 1837 led to a revolt against the Bourbon government. The punishment was the move of the province capital seat to Noto, but the unrest had not been totally choked, as the Siracusani took part in the Sicilian revolution of 1848.

After the Unification of Italy of 1865, Syracuse regained its status of provincial capital. In the late 19th century, the walls (including Porta Ligny) were demolished and a bridge connecting the mainland to Ortygia island was built. In the following year a railway link was constructed.


Modern history


Both Allied and German bombings in 1943 caused heavy destruction during World War II. Operation Husky, the codename for the Allied invasion of Sicily, was launched on the night between 9–10 July 1943 with British forces attacking the southeast of the island. The plan was for the British 5th Infantry Division, part of General Sir Bernard Montgomery's Eighth Army, to capture Syracuse on the first day of the invasion. This part of the operation went completely according to plan, and British forces captured Syracuse on the first night of the operation.[23] The port was then used as a base for the British Royal Navy.[24] To the west of the city is a Commonwealth War Graves cemetery where about 1,000 men are buried. After the end of the war the northern quarters of Syracuse experienced a heavy, often chaotic, expansion, favoured by the quick process of industrialization.

Syracuse today has about 125,000 inhabitants and numerous attractions for the visitor interested in historical sites (such as the Ear of Dionysius). A process of recovering and restoring the historical centre has been ongoing since the 1990s. Nearby places of note include Catania, Noto, Modica and Ragusa.


Geography



Climate


Syracuse experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) with mild, wet winters and warm to hot, dry summers. Snow is infrequent; the last heavy snowfall in the city occurred in December 2014.[25] Frosts are very rare, with the last one also happening in December 2014 when the temperature dropped to the all-time record low of 0 °C.

A temperature of 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) was registered in Syracuse by the Sicilian Agrometeorological Information Service (SAIS) on 11 August 2021, if recognized by the World Meteorological Organization, this would be the highest temperature ever recorded in Europe.[26] Guido Guidi, lieutenant colonel of the Italian Meteorological Service, however, says the highest temperature registered in the organizations' stations during the heatwave was 44.4 °C (111.9 °F), on Naval Air Station Sigonella.[26] Guidi underlines that the reported data by SAIS "is produced directly by the stations and is not subject to any control and validation procedure, neither automatic nor manual. It can therefore report errors due to sensor malfunctions as well as maintenance interventions".[26]

Climate data for Syracuse (unknown period)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.0
(77.0)
26.4
(79.5)
29.6
(85.3)
32.9
(91.2)
36.0
(96.8)
38.4
(101.1)
44.8
(112.6)
41.0
(105.8)
37.8
(100.0)
32.1
(89.8)
27.2
(81.0)
25.0
(77.0)
44.8
(112.6)
Average high °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6)
15.3
(59.5)
17.1
(62.8)
19.7
(67.5)
23.7
(74.7)
28.2
(82.8)
31.3
(88.3)
31.2
(88.2)
28.1
(82.6)
24.0
(75.2)
19.6
(67.3)
16.3
(61.3)
22.4
(72.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.1
(52.0)
11.4
(52.5)
12.9
(55.2)
15.2
(59.4)
18.8
(65.8)
23.0
(73.4)
26.0
(78.8)
26.2
(79.2)
23.7
(74.7)
20.0
(68.0)
15.8
(60.4)
12.6
(54.7)
18.1
(64.6)
Average low °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1)
7.5
(45.5)
8.7
(47.7)
10.7
(51.3)
13.9
(57.0)
17.8
(64.0)
20.7
(69.3)
21.2
(70.2)
19.2
(66.6)
16.0
(60.8)
12.1
(53.8)
9.0
(48.2)
13.7
(56.7)
Record low °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1)
−1.2
(29.8)
−0.4
(31.3)
2.4
(36.3)
7.6
(45.7)
11.0
(51.8)
13.5
(56.3)
14.6
(58.3)
13.4
(56.1)
8.6
(47.5)
2.4
(36.3)
1.2
(34.2)
−1.2
(29.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 75
(3.0)
52
(2.0)
44
(1.7)
30
(1.2)
16
(0.6)
5
(0.2)
3
(0.1)
7
(0.3)
44
(1.7)
78
(3.1)
94
(3.7)
78
(3.1)
526
(20.7)
Average precipitation days 9 7 6 4 3 1 1 1 4 7 8 9 60
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 7 8 9 10 9 7 5 3 2 6
Source: Archivio climatico Enea-Casaccia[27] and Weather Atlas[28][29] Extremes(1946-present)[30]

Government



Demographics


In 2016, there were 122,051[4] people residing in Syracuse, located in the province of Syracuse, Sicily, of whom 48.7% were male and 51.3% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 18.9 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 16.9 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.1 percent (minors) and 19.9 percent (pensioners). The average age of Syracuse resident is 40 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Syracuse declined by 0.5 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.6 percent. The reason for decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and northern Italy.[31][32] The current birth rate of Syracuse is 9.75 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.

As of 2006, 97.9% of the population was of Italian descent. The largest immigrant group came from other European nations (particularly those from Poland, and the United Kingdom): 0.6%, North Africa (mostly Tunisian): 0.5%, and South Asia: 0.4%.


Tourism


Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Greek theatre of Syracuse
CriteriaCultural: ii, iii, iv, vi
Reference1200
Inscription2005 (29th Session)
Area898.46 ha
Buffer zone5,519.4 ha

Since 2005, the entire city of Syracuse, along with the Necropolis of Pantalica which falls within the province of Syracuse, were listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. This programme aims to catalogue, name and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity. The deciding committee which evaluates potential candidates described their reasons for choosing Syracuse because "monuments and archeological sites situated in Syracuse are the finest example of outstanding architectural creation spanning several cultural aspects; Greek, Roman and Baroque", following on that Ancient Syracuse was "directly linked to events, ideas and literary works of outstanding universal significance".[33]


Buildings of the Greek and Roman periods



Buildings of the Christian period


Santa Lucia Alla Badia in the Piazza Duomo
Santa Lucia Alla Badia in the Piazza Duomo

Other notable buildings


The Maniace Castle
The Maniace Castle
Inner courtyard of Palazzo Beneventano Del Bosco
Inner courtyard of Palazzo Beneventano Del Bosco
Detail of the Fountain of Diana
Detail of the Fountain of Diana

Famous people



Sports


Syracuse is home to association football club A.S.D. Città di Siracusa, the latest reincarnation of several clubs dating back to 1924. The common feature is the azure shirts, hence the nickname Azzurri. Siracusa play at the Stadio Nicola De Simone with an approximate capacity between 5,000 and 6,000.


See also



Notes


  1. Latin: Syrācūsae, IPA: [sʏraːˈkuːsae̯]; Attic Greek: Συράκουσαι, romanized: Syrákousai, IPA: [syrǎːkuːsai̯]; Doric Greek: Συράκοσαι, romanized: Syrā́kosai, IPA: [syraːkósai̯];[7] Medieval Greek: Συρακοῦσαι, romanized: Syrakoûsai, IPA: [syraˈkuse]; Modern Greek: Συρακούσες, romanized: Syrakoúses, IPA: [siraˈkuses].

References


  1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. 'City' population (i.e. that of the comune or municipality) from demographic balance: January–April 2009 [dead link], ISTAT.
  3. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  4. "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". demo.istat.it. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
  5. "Syracusan, adj. and n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1919
  6. "† Syracusian, adj. and n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1919
  7. Συράκουσαι. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  8. "BBC – History – Archimedes".
  9. Strabo (1927). Jones, H. L. (ed.). Geography. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 8.6.22. ISBN 978-0-674-99201-6.
  10. Marcus Tullius Cicero (1903). "Against Verres". In Yonge, C. D. (ed.). The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero. London: George Bell & Sons. 2.4.52.
  11. Morris, Ian (2008). "The Greater Athenian State". In Morris, Ian; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-19-970761-4.
  12. "Acts Facts: Syracuse". SimplyBible.com. 8 January 2008.
  13. Victor Bérard, Les phéniciens et l'Odyssée, Paris: Armand Colin, tome 2, p.515
  14. Vibius Sequester (1778). "Tyraca". De Fluminibus Fontibus Lacubus Nemoribus Paludibus Montibus Gentibus quorum apud poeta mentio fit. apud Amandum König. p. 287.
  15. Ethnika 592.18–21,593.1–8, i.e. Stephanus Byzantinus' Ethnika (kat'epitomen), lemma Συράκουσαι Meineke, Augustus, ed. (1849). Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorvm quae svpersvnt. Vol. Prior. Impensis G. Reimeri. pp. 592–593.
  16. Epicharmi Fragmenta. apud Vincentium Loosjes. 1834. p. 111.
  17. Neer, Richard (2012). Greek Art and Archaeology. New York City: Thames and Hudson. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-500-28877-1.
  18. Herodotus, Histories, book 7, chap. 155
  19. Servus, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), ed. Sir William Smith et. al.
  20. Aristotle's Politics 5.1312b
  21. Xenophon. Anabasis, book 1, chapter 2, IX
  22. . J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, 1958 Edition, pp. Vol I, 254, 327, 410; Vol II p. 171
  23. Bitter Victory: The Battle for Sicily, 1943 by Carlo D'Este, pg. 148
  24. "Operation Husky, Sicily 1943". olive-drab.com. 12 April 2008.
  25. Peppe Caridi (31 December 2014). "Storica nevicata a Siracusa: città imbiancata con 0 °C, non-era mai successo prima [FOTO e VIDEO]". MeteoWeb.
  26. di Bartolo, Isabella (11 August 2021). "Caldo record: a Siracusa 48,8 gradi, mai una temperatura così alta in Europa" (in Italian). la Repubblica. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  27. "Profilo climatico dell'Italia: Siracusa" (in Italian). Ente per la Nuove tecnologie, l'Energia e l'Ambiente. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  28. "Syracuse, Italy – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  29. "16464: Siracusa (Italy)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  30. "Temperature estreme in Toscana/Siracusa" (in Italian). Temperature estreme in Siracusa. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  31. "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Archived from the original on 9 July 2006. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  32. "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  33. "Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica". UNESCO. 8 January 2008.
  34. "Suda, §th.123".

Further reading





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[de] Syrakus

Die Stadt Syrakus (italienisch Siracusa, sizilianisch Saraùsa; altgriechisch Συράκουσαι .mw-parser-output .Latn{font-family:"Akzidenz Grotesk","Arial","Avant Garde Gothic","Calibri","Futura","Geneva","Gill Sans","Helvetica","Lucida Grande","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Stone Sans","Tahoma","Trebuchet","Univers","Verdana"}Syrákusai, lateinisch Syracūsae) liegt an der Ostküste der italienischen Region Sizilien und ist Hauptstadt des Freien Gemeindekonsortiums Syrakus. In der Antike war Syrakus über mehrere Jahrhunderte die größte und mächtigste Polis Siziliens und dessen kulturelles Zentrum. Marcus Tullius Cicero beschrieb sie in seinen Reden gegen Verres als „die größte und schönste aller griechischen Städte“.
- [en] Syracuse, Sicily

[es] Siracusa

Siracusa (Sarausa en siciliano) es un comune y ciudad de Italia, situada en la costa sudeste de la isla de Sicilia, en el Mediterráneo central, famosa como centro cultural desde la Antigua Grecia.

[ru] Сиракузы (город)

Сираку́зы[1][2] (итал. Siracusa [siraˈkuːza]; сиц. Seragusa, Sarausa) — город в итальянской области Сицилия, на восточном побережье, в 53 км южнее Катании, административный центр провинции Сиракуза. Построен на месте главного города античной Сицилии — Сиракуз (руины — памятник Всемирного наследия). Исторический центр города находится на острове Ортигия.



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