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Turtuk ཏུར་ཏུཀ་ is a village and the headquarters of an eponymous community development block in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. It is a small village sandwiched between Karakorum Range and Himalayas Mountains.[1] and one of the northernmost villages of India, close to the Line of Control between India and Pakistan. Turtuk is situated in the Nubra tehsil of the Leh district,[2][3] on the banks of the Shyok River.[4] Geographically, the village is in the Baltistan region, which has been under Pakistani administration, except for five villages of the Turtuk block which are part of India. These villages form the only region in India populated by Balti people.[5][6] Turtuk is known for its varieties of fruits, especially apricots.

Turtuk ཏུར་ཏུཀ་ Turtuk
Village
Shyok river at Turtuk in Leh district, Ladakh
Turtuk ཏུར་ཏུཀ་ Show map of Ladakh Turtuk ཏུར་ཏུཀ་ Show map of India
Coordinates: 34.847°N 76.827°E / 34.847; 76.827
Country	India
Union Territory	Ladakh
District	Leh
Tehsil	Nubra
Government
• Type	Panchayati raj
• Body	Gram panchayat
Population  (2011)
• Total	3,371
Languages
• Official	Ladakhi, Hindi, Balti
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN	194401
Census code	913

Turtuk was under Pakistani control until the war of 1971,[7] when the Indian Army captured the village.[8][9] It is also one of the gateways to the Siachen Glacier.[10][11]

Geography

Turtuk lies in the region of Baltistan, a region almost completely controlled by Pakistan. Turtuk is one among five Balti populated villages under Indian control, the other four being Bogdang, Tyakshi, Chalunkha and Dhothang.[12] It is the largest of the villages and has a claim to being the historical capital of the region, viz., the southern Chorbat section of the Shyok Valley. While Bogdang had been part of Indian-administered Ladakh from 1948, the other four villages were captured by Indian Army during the 1971 war.

History

Brogpa Era

The earliest known tribe which inhabited Turtuk were a Dardic tribe, locally known as the Brogpas, who are believed to have migrated from Chilas, a place now in Pakistan. The lived in Turtuk from an unknown time till, mostly probably, 13th century AD. At some point around the 13 century AD, two warriors named, Chuli and Yangdrung, came to Turtuk. They killed the King and eventually mostly of the locals fled Turtuk, along the stream, across the mountain, to the villages now called Hanu, Dah and Domkhar. Right now, majority of the population in Turtuk are the direct descendants of Chuli and Yangdrung. As time passed on, people from outside came to Turtuk in search of work, bringing in more diversity. Turtuk is believed to have remained an independent principality till the conquest of Baltistan by the Sikh Empire.[13]^{[verification needed]}

The people of Turtuk were followers of Bon religion before Islam came. That is why Bon rituals can be seen both in the tradition as well as the architecture. Islam came to Turtuk due to the famous Persian Sufi poet and preacher, Syed Ali Shah Hamdani. People in Turtuk, like in other places in Baltistan practice the Sufi sect Sufis Noorbakshia, named after a disciple of Shah Hamdani, Syed Mohammad Noorbaksh. But by the nineteenth century, dominant sects from outside, such as Shia, Hanafi and later Wahabi started converting the Sufi Noorbakshia of Baltistan, and similarly, the Noorbakshias of Turtuk too. More recently, the Hanafis of Turtuk have also been converted to the more extreme subsets of Sunni. Right now, only half of the population practices Noorbakshias while the rest practice, either Sunni sect or Wahhabi sect.[13]^{[verification needed]}

Yabgo dynasty

The Chorbat-Khaplu region of Baltistan, including Turtuk, was ruled by the Turkistani Yabgo dynasty for one thousand years. Their rule started when Beg Manthal came to the region from Yarkand in the 9th century and conquered Khaplu.[12][14] The region was dominated by Buddhism until the arrival of Islamic scholar and poet Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani in the 13th century.[15]

Dogra dynasty

The thousand-year Yabgo rule continued until 1834, when Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu, a vassal of the Sikh Empire, conquered the region.[3][16] After losing kingship, Yabgo Abdullah Khan renamed the family Kacho (Balti for "light weight"), even though the family continued to be a wealthy, powerful family.[12]

After the First Anglo-Sikh War, the British established the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under Gulab Singh. Gulab Singh's Dogra dynasty ruled the region until 1947 under the suzerainty of British Raj.

Indo-Pakistan conflicts

During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, the Gilgit Scouts based in Gilgit overthrew the Dogra administration and subsequently invaded the Baltistan region. At the end of that war, Turtuk came under the control of Pakistan along with most of Baltistan.[12][14]

During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, this area was the site of the Battle of Turtuk. India's Ladakh Scouts and Nubra Guards, under the command of Brigadier Udai Singh, entered the village after Pakistani forces had retreated a day earlier.[17] Udai Singh and his second-in-command Major Chewang Rinchen were both honoured with a Maha Vir Chakra for their gallantry and a street is named after Major Rinchen in Leh.[18]

Since 1971

In 1999, the two countries once again had a major conflict around this area during the Kargil War. There are a few memorials built-in memory of soldiers on Main Road going towards the zero point of the India–Pakistan Line of Control.^{[citation needed]}

Balti scholar Senge Sering states that Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) has attempted to introduce jihad into this area. The local people are unsure of their loyalties because they have lived under both Pakistani and Indian control, some of them having served in the Pakistan Army before India's take-over. Many of them also have relatives living across the Line of Control who are subject to intimidation by the ISI. During the Kargil infiltration by Pakistan, some of the local people were suspected to have assisted the infiltrators. The Indian Army took some of them into custody, but later released all of them. The local people are said to be grateful for the consideration shown by the Army and currently support the Army's initiatives such as Operation Sadbhavana.[19][20]

2010 floods

In August 2010, the village of Turtuk was impacted by floods which occurred throughout the entire region of Ladakh.

Tourism in and around Turtuk

Turtuk was opened to tourists in 2010.[14] The village offers views of the Shyok Valley.

There are a few gompas located on the plateau above the Shyok River and there is an old royal house to see in the village. Turtuk is one of the few places in India where one can witness Balti culture, and one can find a few homestays and guest houses in the village. It is the last major village where tourist activity is allowed before the Line of Control.[21]

Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Turtuk has 384 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 82.53%.[22] The residents of Turtuk and its adjoining villages speak the Balti language along with Ladakhi and Urdu.[23]

Demographics (2011 Census)[22]

	Total	Male	Female
Population	3371	2429	942
Children aged below 6 years	343	154	189
Scheduled caste	0	0	0
Scheduled tribe	1766	839	927
Literates	2499	2115	384
Workers (all)	2274	1953	321
Main workers (total)	2047	1840	207
Main workers: Cultivators	371	200	171
Main workers: Agricultural labourers	2	1	1
Main workers: Household industry workers	1	1	0
Main workers: Other	1673	1638	35
Marginal workers (total)	227	113	114
Marginal workers: Cultivators	50	7	43
Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers	3	3	0
Marginal workers: Household industry workers	0	0	0
Marginal workers: Others	174	103	71
Non-workers	1097	476	621

See also

• Chewang Rinchen

References

Bibliography

• Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1991), History of Northern Areas of Pakistan (2nd ed.), National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research – via pahar.in

External links

Media related to Turtuk at Wikimedia Commons

На других языках

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[de] Turtuk

Turtuk ist ein Ort im indischen Unionsterritorium Ladakh.

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- [en] Turtuk

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