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Ronda (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈronda]) is a town in the Spanish province of Málaga. It is located about 105 km (65 mi) west of the city of Málaga, within the autonomous community of Andalusia. Its population is about 35,000. Ronda is known for its cliff-side location and a deep chasm that carries the Guadalevín River and divides the town.

Ronda
Municipality
Aerial view of Ronda, with the Puente Nuevo.
Ronda
Location in the Province of Malaga
Ronda
Location in Andalusia
Ronda
Location in Spain
Coordinates: 36°44′14″N 5°9′53″W
Sovereign state Spain
Autonomous community Andalusia
Province Málaga
ComarcaSerranía de Ronda
Government
  AlcaldeMaría Teresa Valdenebro (PSOE)
Area
  Total481.31 km2 (185.83 sq mi)
Elevation
739 m (2,425 ft)
Population
 (2018)[1]
  Total33,978
  Density71/km2 (180/sq mi)
DemonymRondeños
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
  Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
29400
Dialing code95287, 95219
WebsiteOfficial website

It is now one of the towns and villages that is included in the Sierra de las Nieves Natural Park.


History


Around the city are remains of prehistoric settlements dating to the Neolithic Age, including the rock paintings of Cueva de la Pileta. Ronda was, however, first settled by the early Celts, who called it Arunda in the sixth century BC. Later Phoenician settlers established themselves nearby to found Acinipo (sometimes referred to as Ronda la Vieja, Old Ronda). The current Ronda is of Roman origins,[2] having been founded as a fortified post in the Second Punic War, by Scipio Africanus. Ronda received the title of city at the time of Julius Caesar.

In the fifth century AD, Ronda was conquered by the Suebi, led by Rechila, being reconquered in the following century by the Eastern Roman Empire, under whose rule Acinipo was abandoned. Later, the Visigoth king Leovigild captured the city. Ronda was part of the Visigoth realm until 713, when it fell to the Umayyad troops, who named it Hisn Ar-Rundah ("Castle of Rundah") and made it the capital of the Takurunna province.

It was the hometown of the polymath Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887), an inventor, engineer, alleged aviator, chemist, physician, Muslim poet, and Andalusian musician.

After the disintegration of the caliphate of Córdoba, Ronda became the capital of a small kingdom ruled by the Berber Banu Ifran, the taifa of Ronda. During this period, Ronda gained most of its Islamic architectural heritage. In 1065, Ronda was conquered by the taifa of Seville led by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid. Both the poet Salih ben Sharif al-Rundi (1204–1285) and the Sufi scholar Ibn Abbad al-Rundi (1333–1390) were born in Ronda.

View in Ronda looking toward the Church of Santa Maria la Mayor
View in Ronda looking toward the Church of Santa Maria la Mayor

The Islamic domination of Ronda ended in 1485, when it was conquered by the Marquis of Cádiz after a brief siege. Subsequently, most of the city's old edifices were renewed or adapted to Christian roles, while numerous others were built in newly created quarters such as Mercadillo and San Francisco. The Plaza de Toros de Ronda was founded in the town in 1572.

The Spanish Inquisition affected the Muslims living in Spain greatly. Shortly after 1492, when the last outpost of Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula, Granada, was conquered, the Spanish decreed that all Muslims must either vacate the peninsula without their belongings or convert. Many people overtly converted to keep their possessions while secretly practicing their religion. Muslims who converted were called Moriscos. They were required to wear upon their caps and turbans a blue crescent. Traveling without a permit meant a death sentence. This systematic suppression forced the Muslims to seek refuge in mountainous regions of southern Andalusia; Ronda was one such refuge.

On May 25, 1566, Philip II decreed the use of the Arabic language (written or spoken) illegal, required that doors to homes remain open on Fridays to verify that no Muslim Friday prayers were conducted, and levied heavy taxes on Morisco trades. This led to several rebellions, one of them in Ronda under the leadership of Al-Fihrey. Al-Fihrey's soldiers defeated the Spanish army sent to suppress them under the leadership of Alfonso de Aguilar. The massacre of the Spaniards prompted Phillip II to order the expulsion of all Moriscos in Ronda.

In the early 19th century, the Napoleonic invasion and the subsequent Peninsular War caused much suffering in Ronda, whose inhabitants were reduced from 15,600 to 5,000 in three years. Ronda's area became the base first of guerrilla warriors, then of numerous bandits, whose deeds inspired artists such as Washington Irving, Prosper Mérimée, and Gustave Doré. In the 19th century, the economy of Ronda was mainly based on agricultural activities. In 1918, the city was the seat of the Assembly of Ronda, in which the Andalusian flag, coat of arms, and anthem were designed.

Ronda's Romero family—from Francisco, born in 1698, to his son Juan, to his famous grandson Pedro, who died in 1839—played a principal role in the development of modern Spanish bullfighting. In a family responsible for such innovations as the use of the cape, or muleta, and a sword especially designed for the kill, Pedro in particular transformed bullfighting into "an art and a skill in its own right, and not simply ... a clownishly macho preamble to the bull's slaughter".[3]

Ronda was heavily affected by the Spanish Civil War, which led to emigration and depopulation[citation needed]. The scene in chapter 10 of Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, describing the 1936 execution of Fascist sympathisers in a (fictional) village who are thrown off a cliff, is considered to be modeled on actual events of the time in Ronda.[4]


Geography


Ronda is situated in a mountainous area about 750 m (2,460 ft) above mean sea level. Also it occupies the depression of Ronda. The inner relief is gentle and includes areas of pastureland and vegetable and cereal growing areas.[5]

The Guadalevín River runs through the city, dividing it in two and carving out the steep, 100-plus-meter-deep El Tajo canyon above which the city perches. The Spanish fir (Abies pinsapo) is endemic to the mountains surrounding Ronda.


Main sights


Alameda del Tajo Ronda
Alameda del Tajo Ronda
The Puente Nuevo bridge in Ronda
The Puente Nuevo bridge in Ronda
Outside the Ronda Bullring
Outside the Ronda Bullring
Plaza del Socorro
Plaza del Socorro
Palacio of the Marqués de Salvatierra
Palacio of the Marqués de Salvatierra
Casa del Rey Moro
Casa del Rey Moro
Inside the Arabic baths
Inside the Arabic baths

Cultural influence


Doorknocker at the Ronda Bullring
Doorknocker at the Ronda Bullring

American artists Ernest Hemingway and Orson Welles spent many summers in Ronda as part-time residents of Ronda's old-town quarter called La Ciudad. Both wrote about Ronda's beauty and famous bullfighting traditions. Their collective accounts have contributed to Ronda's popularity over time.

In the first decades of the 20th century, the famous German poet Rainer Maria Rilke spent extended periods in Ronda, where he kept a permanent room at the Hotel Reina Victoria (built in 1906); his room remains to this day as he left it, a minimuseum of Rilkeana. According to the hotel's publicity, Rilke wrote (though probably not in Spanish) He buscado por todas partes la ciudad soñada, y al fin la he encontrado en Ronda and No hay nada más inesperado en España que esta ciudad salvaje y montañera ("I have sought everywhere the city of my dreams, and I have finally found it in Ronda" and "Nothing is more startling in Spain than this wild and mountainous city.")

Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls describes the execution of Nationalist sympathizers early in the Spanish Civil War. The Republicans murder the Nationalists by throwing them from cliffs in an Andalusian village, and Hemingway allegedly based the account on killings that took place in Ronda at the cliffs of El Tajo.

Orson Welles said he was inspired by his frequent trips to Spain and Ronda (e.g. his unfinished film about Don Quixote). After he died in 1985, his ashes were buried in a well on the rural property of his friend, retired bullfighter Antonio Ordoñez.

English writer George Eliot's book Daniel Deronda ("Daniel of Ronda") tells the story of a Spanish Jew brought up as an Englishman. Some speculation existed that Eliot's ancestors had lived in Ronda prior to the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492.

In the fashion world, Italian designer Giorgio Armani specially designed the bullfighting costume called ‘Goyesco’ for famed bullfighter Cayetano Rivera Ordóñez on the occasion of the Corrida Goyesca that took place on September 6, 2009, in Ronda. Cayetano's suit of lights was in the Goyaesque style, comprising a jacket, trousers, and cloak in techno-satin. The three pieces were embroidered with sequins, small glitter stones, and thread, all matching the colour of the background fabric.[6][12]

Ronda was used as the setting for the flower market in the 2017 animated movie Ferdinand.


Transport


Ronda Train station
Ronda Train station

Ronda is accessible via highways (Autovía A-374) and by rail from Algeciras and from Córdoba. A direct train from Madrid to Ronda operates twice daily.

The single-track railway between Ronda and Algeciras was built between 1890 and 1892 by the Algeciras Gibraltar Railway Company. It enabled the British military officers to escape the summer heat of Gibraltar. The railway was built by James Morrison, an engineer, in partnership with Alexander Henderson, 1st Baron Faringdon, a financier. The station at Ronda was opened in 1892.


International relations



Twin towns – sister cities


Ronda is twinned with:


References


  1. Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
  2. Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia - on Spain, Books 3 & 4
  3. "Bullfighting in Ronda - History, Culture, Tradition". www.andalucia.com. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
  4. Buckley, Ramon (1997). "Revolution in Ronda: The Facts in Hemingway's "For Whom the Bell Tolls."". The Hemingway Review. 17 (1): 49. ISSN 0276-3362.
  5. "Ronda". Bodegas La Sangre de Ronda. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  6. GIORGIO ARMANI DESIGNS COSTUME FOR CAYETANO RIVERA ORDONEZ FOR ‘THE CORRIDA GOYESCA’ Archived 2011-07-11 at the Wayback Machine
  7. "Málaga: un pequeño homenaje a la gastronomía andaluza". Vipealo. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  8. "Ronda - Casino and Circulo de Artistas". Andalucia.com. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
  9. "Mainsites - Palacio del Marqués de Salvatierra". Andalucia.com. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
  10. "Mainsites - Casa del Rey Moro". Andalucia.com. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
  11. "Serranía de Ronda". 5 August 2011.
  12. "Armani brindó en Ronda". El País. 2009-09-06.
  13. Asociación Senderista Pasos Largos - Chefchaouen, Morocco. Archived 2007-05-03 at the Wayback Machine



На других языках


[de] Ronda

Ronda ist eine Stadt in der andalusischen Provinz Málaga (Spanien). Sie liegt auf einer Höhe von 723 m über dem Meeresspiegel in einer als Serranía de Ronda bekannten Berglandschaft, zu der auch die Naturparks Sierra de Grazalema und Sierra de las Nieves gehören. Die Stadt liegt rund 113 km westlich der Provinzhauptstadt Málaga und 50 km nördlich der Costa del Sol.
- [en] Ronda

[es] Ronda

Ronda es un municipio y ciudad española perteneciente a Andalucía, situada en el noroeste de la provincia de Málaga. Es la cabeza del partido judicial homónimo y la capital de la comarca de la Serranía de Ronda.

[ru] Ронда

Ро́нда (исп. Ronda) — город и муниципалитет в Испании, входит в провинцию Малага, в составе автономного сообщества Андалусия. Муниципалитет находится в составе района (комарки) Серрания-де-Ронда.



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