Saqqez (English: /sæɡɛz/ sa-ghez; Persian: سقز [sæˈɣez]; Kurdish: سه‌قز ,Seqiz), also known as Saghez, Saqez, Saqqiz, Saqiz, and Sakīz, is a city which is the capital of Saqqez County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. According to the 2016 census, its population was 165,258.

Saqqez سقز (Persian) Seqiz, سەقز (Kurdish) Seqiz (Syriac)
City
From top to bottom and from left to right: Saqqez in 2014, Domenareh Historical Mosque, Saqqez to Marivan road Landscape in spring, Haj Saleh Historical Bath, Ziwiyeh Castle
Seal
Saqqez
Coordinates: 36°14′47″N 46°15′59″E
Country	Iran
Province	Kurdistan
County	Saqqez
Bakhsh	Central
Government
• Mayor	Zana Salehibabamiry
Elevation	1,476 m (4,843 ft)
Population  (2016 Census)
• Total	165,258 [1]
Time zone	UTC+3:30 (IRST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Website	saqqez.ir

Etymology

The name Saqqez derives from the Scythian word "Eskit" and then "Sakez". Before that it was Izirtu, the capital of Mannaeans. In some historical sources it has been mentioned that the name of the city is derived from the name of powerful Median ruler Cyaxares (reigned 625 – 585 BC), who turned the empire into a regional power, but other historians believe that the name of the city is derived from Sakez and is attributed to the Scythians who settled in the city during the reign of Cyaxares.[2]^{[dubious – discuss]}

Demographics

The city is populated by Kurds who speak the Sorani dialect.[3] David D'Beth Hillel (d. 1846) stated that the city was home to a small Jewish community with one synagogue dating from around 1827.[4]

History

Saqqez's history goes back to the seventh millennium BC.[5] Based on historical ruins and Antiques which have been found in Saqqez, like the historical treasures of Ziwiye hoard in the Ziwiyeh Castle, experts like Roman Ghirshman believe that the modern city of Saqqez is built on the site of ancient capital of the Median empire. when Sargon II (reigned 722 – 705 BC) attacked the Median Empire and forced them to flee to Ecbatana (modern day Hamadan) and made this city his capital. On the attack of Sargon II, the ruler of Assyria, the Medes were defended and their fortifications destroyed. Thereafter, the Scythians tried to rebuild this city and they chose Saqqez, then named Eskit as their capital. This city was repeatedly attacked by Assyrians and Romans.[6]

According to Vladimir Minorsky, Saqqez is the site of the earlier medieval city of Barza.[7]^{: 251, 253} According to Theophanes the Confessor, who calls the city "Barzan" (Ancient Greek: βάρζαν), the Byzantine emperor Heraclius stayed at Barza for seven days in March 628 while on his way to Ganzak.[7]^: 250–1 Barza was an important crossroads in the medieval period, where there was a fork in the road from Dinavar to Maragheh with one branch splitting off towards Urmia.[7]^{: 251, 253} In the early 9th century, Barza was the capital of a separate principality.[7]^: 251

The city was the hometown of Mahsa Amini, 22, who in 2022 died in the custody of Iran's morality police over forced hijab rules.[8]

Culture and art

The city of Saqqez has been a place of culture and art since ancient times. At this city, performing arts and culture has a special place and artists have created valuable works in various fields of art such as theater, painting, sculpture, music, literature, poetry and cinema. In this city, every year at the end of the autumn season, a theater festival called The Kurdish Theater Festival is held, in which theater groups from all over Kurdistan perform their works. Also, in Saqqez, famous musicians and singers, such as Rashid Fayznejad perform their musics and songs in the Kurdish language. Also there are well-known poets in this city, such as Abdul Karim Sahib, Mullah Ghafoor Dabbaghi, Jila Hosseini, Rahim Loghmani, Malekoalkalam majdi and Sheikh Hassan Molanabad.[9][10]

Geography

Geology

The city of Saqqez is built on long plains and hills, which are crossed by the main tributaries of rivers such as Zarrineh River and Simineh River. The lowlands and heights inside the city and the view of Saqqez River that passes through the center of this city are its special features. Saqqez is located in mountainous and highlands between the irregular heights of Zagros Mountains, and this special geomorphological feature has led to relatively cold climates and long winters and sometimes frost.[11][12]

Climate

At an altitude of 1,476 metres (4,842 feet), Saqqez has a Mediterranean continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsa) with hot, very dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Summers feature large diurnal temperature variation due to decreased air density at high altitude and low humidity. In 1969 Saqqez recorded a temperature of −36 °C (−33 °F), the lowest ever recorded by an Iranian weather station until Kheirabad Zanjan recorded −36.4 °C (−33.5 °F) on January 29, 1997.[13][14] Saqqez again reached −36 °C during the February 3–9 1972 Iran blizzard.

Saqqez unofficially reached −45.8 °C (−50.4 °F) in December 2006 and −42.3 °C (−44.1 °F) in January 2007, the lowest temperatures recorded in an Iranian city.[15][16] Rainfall is mild throughout the year, with late winter and early autumn having the most precipitation, and the summers being practically rainless. Due to the foehn effect, the rainfall is not as heavy as it is in the exposed sites of the Zagros to the west, such as in Sardasht, which lies on the same altitude but is more exposed to the westerly cold front systems.

Transportation

The city will be served in the future by Saqqez Airport

See also

• Bazaar of Saqqez
• Domenareh Mosque
• Karaftu Cave
• Haj Saleh Hammam
• Mount Chlchama

References

Sources

• Bosworth, C.E. (1995). "Saḳḳiz". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 895. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
• Grami, Bahram (2015). "Saqqez". Encyclopaedia Iranica.

На других языках

[de] Saqqez

[ru] Секкез