world.wikisort.org - IndiaSiswal is a village in Hisar district, Haryana, India. It located 28 km from Hisar city. It is a site of Chalcolithic age. It is a typesite for Siswal culture, dating from around 3800 BC, also known as Sothi–Siswal culture.
Village in Haryana, India
Siswal
dhani siswal |
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sherds found at Siswal site [2] |
Kheri Jalab in Haryana, India Show map of HaryanaSiswal (India) Show map of India |
Coordinates: 29.211210°N 75.496373°E / 29.211210; 75.496373 |
Country | India |
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State | Haryana |
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District | Hisar |
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• Type | Local government |
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• Body | Panchayat |
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• Official | Hindi |
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Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
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PIN | 125052 |
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Vehicle registration | HR-20 |
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Website | haryana.gov.in |
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Location
The related site of Sothi is located in Rajasthan, about 70 km to the west of Siswal. The large archaeological site of Rakhigarhi is about 70 km to the east. All three ancient settlements are situated in the plain of the ancient Chautang river, that was flowing east to west in this area. Chautang, in its turn, was a tributary of the ancient Ghaggar river, that was also flowing east to west, and parallel to Ghaggar just to the north. Kalibangan is situated close to the confluence of these two rivers.[3]
Sothi–Siswal culture
Period and pottery
See also: Pottery of Archaeological culture, Archaeological analysis of pottery, Fabric analysis of pottery, and Archaeological culture
Sothi–Siswal culture: Based on the pottery found here, it is classified as a separate archaeological culture / subculture.[4] This culture is a pre-Harappan culture which was contemporaneous with the Early-Harappan culture, with which it had trade and/or social links and overlap of cultural traits. This site has pottery which exhibits Six fabrics of Kalibanagan. Its type sites are Siswal and Sothi.
Siswal is a site of early Harappan culture, otherwise known as "Pre-Harappan" civilization. The Pre-Harappans were known to live in mud houses with thatched roofs. The culture focused mainly on agriculture as an occupation, domesticating animals such as cows, bulls, pigs and goats. They used wheel made red pottery which was often painted on.
They were said to have a black complexion, with curly hair and a flat nose [citation needed], and according to archaeologists, stayed in the Haryana area around 2700 BC. Due to these features, Siswal is a village of great archaeological importance within the Indian subcontinent.
There are broad similarities between Sothi–Siswal and Kot Diji ceramics. Kot Diji culture area is located just to the northwest of the Sothi–Siswal area.[5]
Dating
See also: Phases in archaeology, Archaeological chronology dating, Fabric analysis, Periodisation of IVC, and Archaeological pottery culture in India
According to Tejas Garge, Sothi culture precedes Siswal culture considerably. Sothi culture may be as early as 4600 BCE, while the earliest Siswal A layer is dated 3800-3200 BCE, and is equivalent to the Middle and Upper layers of Sothi.[6]
Pottery with 'Six fabrics of Kalibanagan'
The Indus Valley Civilization ceramic period of Sothi–Siswal culture was relevant within the civilization. Sites around Siswal were excavated by archaeologist Suraj Bhan in different phases revealing an remarkable cultural sequence. Sothi, also in Haryana, has similar cultural remains.
During a three year period from 1967, Bhan was able to excavate ninety seven sites in the area in order to reach conclusions on the Harappan culture. Upon conducting the small scale excavations, Suraj Bhan was able date a time period ranging from Kalibangan to Late Harappan culture within the region. From here, he brought light to ceramic industry associated with the region known as Siswal, given the same name of the area that these ceramics are found in.
Early Indus Valley Civilization ceramic now as of recent have been classified in order to make a datum line for ceramic studies in this area. Known as the 'six fabrics of Kalibanagan', this term is now known by most scholars who are working within this area of archaeological research.
Excavation of mound
Artifacts found
The mound located within the village of Siswal is 300m to the north of the village on the left bank of the Chautang Canal as reported by Bhan. The maximum habitation deposit found here was 1.25 m above the natural soil.
The cultural deposit is divided into Siswal A and Siswal B in which A was characterized by the presence of classical Kalibangan I – A to E fabrics. Bhan has also noted a clear trend of evolution in typology from the lowest to the upper levels. A few examples of the sherds found at the site are described in the words of Bhan himself below:
- Miniature pot of red ware with short out-curved rim and thick horizontal black band on neck and lower part of body portion,
- Upper portion of the red ware jar with simple out-turned rim and black slip on the rim and neck portion,
- Fragment of a red ware sherd with horizontal black band on the rim portions and incisions in form of horizontal and criss-cross lines,
- Fragment of central portion of a red ware dish with incisions in form of concentric circle,
- knob (?), shaped like mushroom, 9 cm in height solid, on top portion a circular concentric circle incised with fish motif within.
Upon the excavations at Siswal, Suraj Bhan put forward an idea of the existence of a parallel culture to the Harappans within the region.
Ceramic industry at Siswal
The ceramic industry of Siswal is divisible into three groups, Siswal A yielded the Kalibangan I Ware, with all the typical fabrics (A to F).
Fabric A is painted with white pigment in addition to the black.
In Siswal B, the late Siswal phase, both the Late Siswal and the Harappan Wares are found. This second phase is characterized by the austerity in shape and design, along with a disappearance of painted white pigment. Better potting technique can also be seen within this second group. It is marked by evolved Kalibangan I shapes bearing only black paintings.
Although all the six fabrics survive in the ware, it lacks in variety in shapes and designs and is generally sturdier and better plotted than the Kalibangan I ware of the earlier phase. In accordance to this, Bhan separated non-Harappan sites on presence of a worn out medium thick red ware treated with red slip and painted with black bands, though he admits similar typology and firing with these and Siswal wear.
Lastly the third and final group is characterized by the appearance of medium fabric made through a fast wheel and treated with a red slip in the case of vessels.
Along with these artifacts found at the Siswal site, others found include terracota bangles with black paint strokes, terracota beads, terracota sling-balls, and terracota triangular cakes.
Due to the abundance of Harrapan archaeological history within the Siswal area, the site continues to be a hot spot within the country of India for tourism as well as archaeological inquiry.
Similar pottery is also found at Lohari Ragho, hence treated as a site belonging to Sothi–Siswal culture.
See also
- Indus Valley civilization related
- List of Indus Valley civilization sites
- Bhirrana, 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
- Kalibanga, an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase
- Rakhigarhi, one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
- Kunal, cultural ancestor of Rehman Dheri
- List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley civilization
- Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley civilization
- Sanitation of the Indus Valley civilization
- Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilization
- Pottery in the Indian subcontinent
- Bara culture, subtype of Late-Harappan Phase
- Cemetery H culture (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into Painted Grey Ware culture of Vedic period
- Black and red ware, belonging to neolithic and early Harappan phases
- Rakhigarhi Indus Valley civilization museum
- History of Haryana
- List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana
- List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana
- Kotla Nihang Khan
References
- Gupta, Jugal Kishore. History of Sirsa Town. New Delhi: Atlantic & Distributors, 1991. N. pag. Print.
- Garge, T., (2010). Sothi–Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2(0), pp.15–40. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/aa.10203
- Garge, T., (2010). Sothi–Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2(0), pp.15–40. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/aa.10203
- Map of the area, in: Maemoku, Hideaki; Shitaoka, Yorinao; Nagatomo, Tsuneto; Yagi, Hiroshi (2013). "Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period". Geophysical Monograph Series: 97–106. doi:10.1029/2012GM001218. ISSN 2328-8779.
- The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures, Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.
- Asko Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press, 2015 ISBN 0190226919 p18
- Garge, Tejas (2010). "Sothi–Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal". Ancient Asia. 2: 15–40. doi:10.5334/aa.10203.
Indus Valley civilisation |
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History and culture |
- Indus River
- Periodisation
- Religion
- Bhirrana culture
- Mehrgarh culture
- Kulli culture
- Amri culture
- Bara culture
- Cemetery H culture
- Indus–Mesopotamia relations
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Art and architecture |
- Dancing Girl
- Pashupati seal
- Priest-king
- Harappan architecture
- Sanitation of the Indus Valley civilisation
- Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro
- Inventions of the Indus Valley civilisation
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Language and script | |
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Indus Valley sites in Pakistan |
- Harappa
- Mohenjo-daro
- Nausharo
- Chanhudaro
- Mehrgarh
- Lakhueen-jo-daro
- Larkana
- Pirak
- Kot Diji
- Rehman Dheri
- Amri
- Sutkagan Dor
- Sokhta Koh
- Tharro Hills
- Pir Shah Jurio
- Allahdino
- Balakot
- Ganeriwala
- Nindowari
- Judeir-jo-daro
- Dabarkot
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Indus Valley sites in India |
- Dholavira
- Gola Dhoro
- Lothal
- Bhagatrav
- Rangpur
- Jognakhera
- Surkotada
- Kalibangan
- Manda
- Alamgirpur
- Daimabad
- Malwan
- Kunal
- Rakhigarhi
- Rupnagar
- Rupar
- Hulas
- Kanmer
- Oriyo timbo
- Dher Majra
- Lohari Ragho
- Dwarka
- Kuntasi
- Loteshwar
- Mandi
- Farmana
- Ganeshwar
- Sothi
- Siswal
- Sanauli
- Sanghol
- Pabumath
- Nagwada
- Babar Kot
- Balu
- Bara
- Bargaon
- Bhagwanpura
- Bhirrana
- Banawali
- Rojdi
- Kotla Nihang Khan
- Kerala-no-dhoro
- Mitathal
- Desalpur
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Indus Valley sites in Afghanistan | |
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Related topics |
- Meluhha
- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
- Northern Black Polished Ware
- Painted Grey Ware culture
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State of Haryana |
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Capital: Chandigarh |
Topics |
- Divisions of Haryana
- Outline
- History
- Tourism
- Geography
- Politics
- Government
- Governors
- Economy
- Sports
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Districts and divisions | Ambala division | |
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Faridabad division | |
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Gurgaon division | |
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Hisar division | |
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Karnal division | |
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Rohtak division |
- Bhiwani
- Charkhi Dadri
- Jhajjar
- Rohtak
- Sonipat
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Major cities |
- Faridabad
- Gurgaon
- Panipat
- Yamunanagar
- Rohtak
- Hisar
- Karnal
- Sonipat
- Panchkula
- Bhiwani
- Sirsa
- Bahadurgarh
- Jind
- Kurukshetra
- Kaithal
- Rewari
- Palwal
- Charkhi Dadri
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Culture | |
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Economy |
- Power stations and power organisations
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Places of interest |
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Sarasvati civilization (Indus Valley civilization – IVC) |
- Adi Badri
- Balu, Haryana
- Banawali
- Bhirrana
- Farmana
- Jognakhera
- Kanwari
- Kunal
- Lohari Ragho
- Mitathal
- Rakhigarhi
- Siswal
- Sothi
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Archaeological |
- National monuments
- State monuments
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Baoli (Stepwells)s | |
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Buddhist and HIndu Sites |
- Buddhist mounds (Agroha Mound, Sugh Ancient Mound)
- Buddhist stupas ([Adi Badri, Haryana
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Haveli |
- Nangal Sirohi
- Hemu Ki Haveli in Rewari
- Noor Mahal in Karnal
- Gurugram: (Sikanderpur, Mohammadpur Jharsa, 12 Biswa haveli in Gurgaon gaon, Mahalwala haveli in 8 Biswa of Gurgaon gaon)
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Forts | |
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Hills | |
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Caves | |
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Historical |
- Bhima Devi Temple Complex at Pinjore
- Dhosi Hill
- Farrukhnagar
- Kalayat Ancient Bricks Temple Complex
- Mughal Bridge at Kernal
- Harsh ka Tilla at Kurukshetra
- Nahar Singh Mahal
- Narnaul
- Pataudi Palace
- Pinjore Gardens
- Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple
- Surajkund
- Tomb of Saikh Taiyab at Kaithal
- Tosham rock inscription
- State Protected Monuments
- Monuments of National Importance
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National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana | |
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Endangered Wildlife Breeding | |
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Zoos in Haryana | |
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Herbal Parks |
- Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park, Hisar
- Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Tosham
- Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Kairu
- Ch. Devi Lal Herbal Nature Park
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Lakes | |
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Dams | |
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Rivers | |
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Religious |
- Adi Badri (Haryana) Sarsvati udgam sthal
- Agroha Dham
- Baba Thakur
- Banbhori Devi
- Brahma Sarovar
- Bhuteshwar Temple
- Jayanti Devi Temple
- Jyotisar
- Kartikeya Temple
- Markandeshwar
- Mata Mansa Devi Mandir
- Nada Sahib
- Naugaja Peer
- Pindara Temple
- Sannihit Sarovar
- Sita Mai Temple
- Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple
- Sheetla Mata Mandir Gurgaon
- St. Thomas' Church at Hisar
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Offices |
- High Court
- Legislative Assembly
- Raj Bhavan
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Public places |
- Kingdom of Dreams
- Mall of India
- The Oberoi
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Extreme Corners of Haryana |
- Eastern-most point: Kalesar village Yamuna riverbank in Yamuna Nagar District
- Western-most point: Chautala-Sangari border road crossing in Sirsa district
- Southern-most point: Kol Gaon hill in Ferozepur Jhirka tehsil of Gurgaon district
- Northern-most point: Khokhra village riverbank north of Chandigarh-Baddi river bridge in Panchkula district
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Highest-lowest of Haryana |
- Highest point: Karoh Peak in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district
- Lowest natural Surface elevation point:
- Deepest Underground Cave:
- Coldest avg temp: Karoh Peak in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district
- Hottest avg temp: Hisar
- Wettest avg rainfall: Morni hills in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district
- Driest avg rainfall: Bhiwani
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Oldest of Haryana |
- Oldest archaeological site: Rakhigarhi 4700 BC or 6700 years old Indus Valley civilization in Hisar district
- Oldest archaeological mine site: Kaliyana hill Indus Valley civilization stone mine (3000 BC or 5000 years old) west of Charkhi Dadri
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Government and Politics |
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Elections |
- Elections in Haryana
- 1991
- 1996
- 1998
- 1999
- 2004
- 2009
- 2014
- 2019
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Chief Ministers |
- Banarsi Das Gupta
- Rao Birender Singh
- Bansi Lal
- Bhagwat Dayal Sharma
- Bhajan Lal
- Devi Lal
- Om Prakash Chautala
- Hukam Singh
- Bhupinder Singh Hooda
- Manohar Lal Khattar
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Governors |
- Dharma Vira
- Birendra Narayan Chakraborty
- Ranjit Singh Narula
- Jaisukh Lal Hathi
- Harcharan Singh Brar
- Surjit Singh Sandhawalia
- Ganpatrao Devji Tapase
- Saiyid Muzaffar Husain Burney
- Hari Anand Barari
- Dhanik Lal Mandal
- Mahaveer Prasad
- Babu Parmanand
- Om Prakash Verma
- Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
- Jagannath Pahadia
- Kaptan Singh Solanki
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State agencies |
- Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam
- Debt Conciliation Board
- Doordarshan Haryana
- Foreign Investment and NRI Cell
- Forests Department, Haryana
- Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana
- Department of Environment, Haryana
- Department of Excise & Taxation, Haryana
- Department of Finance, Haryana
- Department of Industries & Commerce, Haryana
- Department of Industrial Training & Vocational Education, Haryana
- Department of Institutional Finance & Credit Control, Haryana
- Department of Labour & Employment, Haryana
- Department of Land records & Consolidation, Haryana
- Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Haryana
- Department of Rehabilitation, Haryana
- Department of Higher Education, Haryana
- Department of School Education, Haryana
- Department of Elementary Education, Haryana
- Haryana Board of School Education
- Haryana Civil Medical Services
- Haryana Environment Protection Council
- Haryana Land Record Information System
- Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited
- Haryana Police
- Haryana Roadways
- Haryana Seeds Development Corporation
- Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums
- Haryana State Legal Services Authority, Haryana
- Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited
- Haryana Urban Development Authority
- Haryana Waqf Board
- State Counselling Board, Haryana
- Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam
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Sports |
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Venues | |
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Associations |
- Haryana Archery Association
- Haryana Cricket Association
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Teams | |
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- Portal:India
- Category: Haryana
- Wikiproject: Haryana
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