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Eureka is a small research base on Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Qikiqtaaluk Region, in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. It is located on the north side of Slidre Fiord, which enters Eureka Sound farther west. It is the third-northernmost permanent research community in the world. The only two farther north are Alert, which is also on Ellesmere Island, and Nord, in Greenland. Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature[7] and the lowest amount of precipitation of any weather station in Canada.

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Eureka
Settlement
Eureka seen from its airfield
Eureka Show map of Nunavut Eureka Show map of Canada
Coordinates: 79°59′N 085°57′W[1]
Country	Canada
Territory	Nunavut
Region	Qikiqtaaluk Region
Island group	Queen Elizabeth Islands
Founded	April 11, 1947
Elevation [3]	83 m (272 ft)
Population
• Total	8[4]
Time zone	UTC−05:00 (EST)
Postal code	X0A 0G0[5]
Area code	867[6]
Elevation is at Eureka Aerodrome.

Eureka's postal code is X0A 0G0 and the area code is 867.[5][6]

Divisions

The base consists of three areas:^{[citation needed]}

• the Eureka Aerodrome which includes "Fort Eureka" (the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment)
• the Environment and Climate Change Canada Weather Station
• the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), formerly the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory (AStrO)[8]

PEARL is operated by a consortium of Canadian university researchers and government agencies known as the Canadian Network for Detection of Atmospheric Change.[9] PEARL announced it would cease full-time year-round operation as of April 30, 2012, due to lack of funding, but this decision was reversed in May 2013 with the announcement of new funds.[10]

History

Eureka was founded on April 7, 1947, as part of an initiative to set up a network of Arctic weather stations.[11] On this date, 100 tonnes (98 long tons; 110 short tons) of supplies were airlifted to a promising spot on Ellesmere Island, and five prefabricated Jamesway huts were constructed. Regular weather observations began on January 1, 1948. The station has expanded over the years. At its peak, in the 1970s, at least fifteen staff were on site; in 2005, it reported a permanent population of zero with at least 8 staff on a continuous rotational basis.^{[citation needed]}

Several generations of buildings have been developed. The latest operations centre, with work areas and staff quarters in one large structure, was completed in 2005.^{[citation needed]}

Location and accessibility

The complex is powered by diesel generators. The station is supplied once every six weeks with fresh food and mail by air, and annually in the late summer, a supply ship from Montreal brings heavy supplies. On July 3, 2009, a Danish Challenger 604 MMA jet landed at Eureka's aerodrome.[12] The jet is a military observation aircraft based on the Challenger executive jet. This jet visited Eureka on a familiarization trip, in order to prepare for the possibility of Danish aircraft assisting in search and rescue missions over Canadian territory. The Canadian American Strategic Review noted critically that the first jet to fly a mission to Eureka was not Canadian.^{[citation needed]}

At Eureka's latitude, a geosynchronous communications satellite, if due south, would require an antenna to be pointed nearly horizontally; satellites farther east or west along that orbit would be below the horizon. Telephone access and television broadcasts arrived in 1982 when Operation Hurricane resulted in the establishment of a satellite receiving station at nearby Skull Point, which has an open view to the south. The low power Channel 9 TV transmitter at Skull Point was the world's most northern TV station at the time. In the 1980s, TV audio was often connected to the telephone to feed CBC-TV news to CHAR-FM in isolated CFS Alert. More recently, CANDAC has installed what is likely the world's most northerly geosynchronous satellite ground-station to provide Internet-based communications to PEARL.^{[citation needed]}

Other inhabited places on Ellesmere Island include Alert[13] and Grise Fiord.

Flora and fauna

Eureka has been described as "The Garden Spot of the Arctic" due to the flora and fauna abundant around the Eureka area, more so than anywhere else in the High Arctic. Fauna include muskox, Arctic wolves, Arctic foxes, Arctic hares, and lemmings. In addition, summer nesting geese, ducks, owls, loons, ravens, gulls and many other smaller birds nest, raise their young, and return south in August.^{[citation needed]}

Climate

Eureka experiences a polar climate (ET). The settlement sees the midnight sun between April 10 and August 29, with no sunlight at all between mid-October and late February. Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and least precipitation of any weather station in Canada with an annual mean temperature of −18.8 °C (−1.8 °F). However, summers are slightly warmer than other places in the Canadian Arctic because Eureka is somewhat landlocked, being near the centre of Ellesmere Island. Even so, since record keeping began, the temperature has never exceeded 20.9 °C (69.6 °F), first reached on July 14, 2009.[14] Although a polar desert, evaporation is also very low, which allows the limited moisture to be made available for plants and wildlife.^{[citation needed]} Its frost-free season averages 56 days, much longer than many other places nearby.[14]

See also

• List of research stations in the Arctic

References

Bibliography

External links

• Media related to Eureka, Nunavut at Wikimedia Commons

На других языках

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- [en] Eureka, Nunavut

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[ru] Юрика (научная станция)

Ю́рика (реже Эврика, англ. Eureka) — небольшая научная станция на полуострове Fosheim, острове Элсмир региона Кикиктани в канадской провинции Нунавут, основанная в 1947 году. Находится на расстоянии 1085 км от Северного полюса и располагается на севере острова Элсмир на высоте 10 метров над уровнем Мирового океана, а также на северной стороне фьорда Slidre, которые далее на западе входит в водный путь Eureka Soundruen. Является третьим ближним к северному полюсу постоянным научным поселением в мире. Два другие, расположенных ещё севернее, — это Алерт, также на острове Элсмир, и Норд в Гренландии. Постоянно в поселении живут 8 человек военных, которые следят за работой оборудования. Климат Юрики — один из самых суровых — средняя температура не поднимается выше отметки в −20 градусов Цельсия, а среднегодовая температура и осадки самые низкие среди всех метеорологических станций в Канаде. Инфраструктура станции размещается на трёх площадях: аэродром с взлётно-посадочной полосой длиной 1 километр 474 метра, включая форт Юрика с жильём для обслуживающего персонала из числа военнослужащих, занимающегося аппаратурой связи острова; метеорологическая станция Министерства окружающей среды Канады и Лаборатория полярной среды по атмосферным исследованиям (PEARL), ранее являвшаяся Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory (AStrO). PEARL управляется консорциумом канадских исследовательских университетов и правительственными агентствами, известными как Канадская сеть по обнаружению атмосферных изменений (CANDAC).[1] С 30 апреля 2012 года было объявлено о прекращении круглогодичного времени работы PEARL из-за отсутствия финансирования, однако в мае 2013 это решение было отменено в связи с появлением новых фондов.[2] Почтовым кодом Юрики является X0A 0G0, а международный телефонный код — 867.

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