world.wikisort.org - Azerbaijan

Qırmızı Qəsəbə (Gyrmyzy Gasaba, [ɡɯɾmɯˈzɯ ɡæsæˈbæ]), translated as "Red Town" (Russian: Красная Слобода, Krasnaya Sloboda; Hebrew: העיר האדומה‎, ha-'Ir ha-'Adumá), is a village and municipality in the Quba District of Azerbaijan. It has a population of approximately 3,598 people. Outside of Israel and the United States, it is widely believed to be the world's only population centre that is exclusively made up of Jewish people,[2][3][4] and is likewise considered to be the last surviving shtetl.[5][6]

Gyrmyzy Gasaba Qırmızı Qəsəbə Красная Слобода העיר האדומה‎
Municipality
Six Dome Synagogue
Qırmızı Qəsəbə
Coordinates: 41°22′25″N 48°30′38″E
Country	Azerbaijan
District	Quba
Population  (2010)[1]
• Total	3,598
Time zone	UTC+4:00 (AZT)

Located across the Qudyalchay River from the city of Quba, it is the primary settlement of Azerbaijan's population of Caucasus Jews;[7] the most widely spoken language in the village is Judeo-Tat.

The municipality's names in the Azerbaijani, Russian, and Hebrew languages all translate to the "Red Town" or "Red Village" in a supposed reference to the red tiling used on its buildings.[8] Other sources attribute the name of Qırmızı Qəsəbə to the protected status that it received during World War II, when its residents were shielded from potential persecution in light of Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union.[9]

Geography

Quba

Quba has been a popular region in Azerbaijan throughout its history, attracting guests visiting Azerbaijan due its proximity to the capital city. Lezgins, Tats, Khinalug people, Budukh people, and Kryts people were living in peace and friendship with Turks in Quba for centuries. Qırmızı (Gyrmyzy), being located in Quba, where the Mountain Jews reside, is also important in promoting Quba.[10][11]

Demographics

Initially spread throughout the mountainous region, the Jewish population of the highlands became centered around Quba.[9]

In 1881, 213,138 Jewish people were officially registered in 34 settlements of the Caucasus. Over the past hundred years, along with Mountain Jews, Jews from other ethnolinguistic groups or such defined by their region of origin also lived in Azerbaijan: Ashkenazi Jews, Krymchaks, Kurdish Jews, and Georgian Jews. However, since the 19th century, the majority of the Jewish population of the republic consists of Mountain Jews.[12][13]

History

Jews in Quba and Azerbaijan

The first Jewish settlement in the area was named "Kulgat" on the left bank of the Gudjalchay, just a few kilometers from present day Qırmızı. The old gravestones in the Kulgat area and other evidence that had been partially destroyed during the attacks of Nadir Shah in the early 18th century prove that the Jews had lived here.

Jewish town across from Quba

While the highland Jews had been in the area around Quba since at least the 13th century, the formal creation of Krasnaya Sloboda is traced back to the 18th century. In 1742^{[dubious – discuss]} the Khan of Quba, Fatali Khan,^{[dubious – discuss]} gave the Jews permission to set up a community free of persecution across the river from the city of Quba.[15] Originally referred to as Yevreiskaya Sloboda (Jewish Settlement), the name was changed to Krasnaya Sloboda (Red Settlement) under Soviet rule.

The massive settlement in the Red Town began in 1731. After the death of Huseynali Khan in 1758, his son Fatali Khan was the ruler of the Quba khanate. Fatali Khan, highly appreciating the loyalty, wisdom, and industriousness of the Mountain Jews, gave them a great opportunity for engaging in agriculture, gardening, trade, and crafts. Favorable living conditions created for Jews in Quba caused the relocation of Jews from other villages, such as Qusar, Ucgun, Shudukh, Griz, and even from Baku, Iran, Turkey and other places to Quba.

The Jews who moved here had previously lived in nine disparate settlements. Jews from Gilan moved to the settlement in the 1780s. The Gilaki settlement of the Gilani Jews located in the center of the Red settlement. People coming from Baku and Quba lived in the settlement of Mizrahi (Hebrew: "East"). Migration from different locations influenced the diversity of employment. For example, Jews moving from mountainous regions were engaged in various agricultural fields, and people who immigrated from Iran were engaged in trade.

Finally, Mountain Jews who escaped attacks and persecutions joined the shelter of heading Husseinanli (Husayn Ali) Khan in Quba. The Quba Khanate, in development during the rule of Hussein Khan (1722-1758) and his son Fatali Khan (1758-1789), consist of the northern lands of Azerbaijan and southern Dagestan, from Derbent to Lankaran. Since 1722, Mountain Jews have settled in the territory of Gudyalchay.[10]

Among Russian Jews, the town once was known as "little Jerusalem".[6]

The town has had an influx of financial support from relatives living in Israel and features the new Bet Knesset Synagogue.[16] However, after Azerbaijan's independence in 1991, many residents emigrated to Israel, the United States, and Europe, and the population dropped from the roughly 18,000 that lived there during the communist era.[17]

Jewish religious practices

Two synagogues exist in Qırmızı Qəsəbə: the Six Dome Synagogue which was built in 1888 and renovated in 2000,[18] and "Giləki" (Hilaki) synagogue which was built in 1896 and renovated recently.[14]

Residents speak in three languages: Judeo-Tat, spoken by Mountain Jews in daily life, Russian and Azeri. One of the two schools here is taught in Azeri or Russian.[8]

Notable residents

• Yevda Abramov (1948–2019) - politician, member of the Parliament of Azerbaijan
• Yakov Agarunov (1907–1992) - was a poet and playwright
• Zarakh Iliev (born 1966) - billionaire property developer, born in Krasnaya Sloboda
• Yagutil Mishiev (born 1927) - publicist
• God Nisanov (born 1972) - billionaire property developer, Vice-President of the World Jewish Congress[19]
• German Zakharyayev (born 1971) - businessman, Vice-President of the Russian Jewish Congress[20]
• Albert Agarunov - Jewish National Hero of Azerbaijan

See also

• History of the Jews in Azerbaijan

References

Notes

Sources

• Qırmızı Qəsəbə at GEOnet Names Server
• Inga Saffron, "The Mountain Jews of Guba", The Philadelphia Inquirer. July 21, 1997, page 1. Accessed on May 1, 2006
• Tom Parfitt, "Life Drains Away from Lost Tribe of Mountain Jews", The Daily Telegraph, April 27, 2003, Accessed on October 21, 2014
• Amiram Barkat, "The village people", Haaretz September 29, 2006, Accessed on September 30, 2006

External links

• Media related to Qırmızı Qəsəbə at Wikimedia Commons

На других языках

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[de] Qırmızı Qəsəbə

Qırmızı Qəsəbə (bis 1991 Krasnaja Sloboda, russisch Красная Слобода; beides bedeutet „Rote Siedlung“) ist eine Siedlung (qəsəbə) im Rayon Quba im Norden Aserbaidschans, am Ostrand des Großen Kaukasus.

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- [en] Qırmızı Qəsəbə

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[ru] Красная Слобода (Азербайджан)

Красная Слобода, с 1991 года Гырмызы Гасаба (азерб. Qırmızı qəsəbə) — посёлок в северо-восточной части Большого Кавказского Хребта Губинского района Азербайджана, расположенный на левом берегу реки Кудиалчай, в 29 км от железнодорожной станции Хачмаз, населённый преимущественно горскими евреями. Называвшаяся ранее Еврейская Слобода, этот населённый пункт был переименован в Красную Слободу в 1926-м году и является административной единицей самоуправления города Губа[2]. Посёлок Красная Слобода является единственным[3][4] местом компактного проживания горских евреев на всем постсоветском пространстве. По всесоюзной переписи населения 1989 года в Красной Слободе проживало 4524 человека[5].

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