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Nusantara (Indonesian pronunciation: [nusanˈtara]), officially the Capital City of Nusantara (Indonesian: Ibu Kota Nusantara),[2] is the future capital of Indonesia, set to be inaugurated in August 2024 with celebrations of the country's national day.[3] The planned city will replace Jakarta, the national capital since 1945.[lower-alpha 1] Located on the east coast of the island of Borneo in what is currently part of the province of East Kalimantan, the city is expected to encompass an area of 2,560 km2 (990 sq mi), featuring a hilly landscape, forest, and a bay.[4][5] Nusantara is expected to be formed as a new province splitting from East Kalimantan,[6] similar to that of the capital region of Jakarta.

This article is about the future capital city of Indonesia. For other uses, see Nusantara (disambiguation).

Nusantara
Planned future capital city
Capital City of Nusantara
Ibu Kota Nusantara
Seal
Nusantara
Nusantara
Coordinates: 0°57′28″S 116°41′59″E
CountryIndonesia
Established (Law on State Capital)15 February 2022
Government
 • BodyCapital City Authority
 • HeadBambang Susantono
 • Deputy HeadDhony Rahajoe
Area
[1]
 • Total2,561.42 km2 (988.97 sq mi)
 • Capital region561.80 km2 (216.91 sq mi)
 • Government central area68.56 km2 (26.47 sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+08:00 (Indonesia Central Time)
Area code(+62) 542
Websiteikn.go.id

Construction of Nusantara started in July 2022, clearing land and laying down access roads, with construction of the first phase - Government Central Area zone, comprising government offices, schools, hospitals and shopping malls - beginning the following month.[3][7][8] Initially, 100,000 workers from all over Indonesia will be sent to the Nusantara location to begin construction by July 2022.[9] After being criticized by local mass organizations from East Kalimantan for importing workers from outside the province,[10] President Joko Widodo ordered Nusantara Capital City Authority to multiply the workers to between 150,000 and 200,000 workers to ensure participation of local workers for work in Nusantara construction.[11][12][13]


Etymology


The word nusantara is derived from Old Javanese. The Old Javanese word is a compound of nusa (lit. 'islands') + antara (lit. 'outer'), which can be roughly translated as 'the outer islands' (from Java island perspective) which initially refers to the region archipelago as translation of Sanskrit Dwipantara of the same meaning by Singhasari[14] before referring to conquered territories of Majapahit empire outside Java that nowadays transformed and developed as modern-day Indonesia.[15][16]

Nusantara was chosen as the new capital city name of Indonesia to embody the national vision known as Wawasan Nusantara (lit. 'Nusantara Vision'; 'The Vision of the Indonesian archipelago') and is also a reflection of the country's status as an archipelagic state.[4] Based on local Kutainese oral tradition as recorded in the historical manuscript Salasilah Kutai (lit. 'The genealogy of the Kutai kingdom'), before the area was named as Kutai in 13th century, it was also called Nusentara[17] (lit. 'land that is divided').[18]


History


In April 2017, the Joko Widodo (Jokowi) administration considered moving the capital from Jakarta, with plans to finish assessing potential alternative sites for Indonesia's new capital by the end of 2017. According to an official from the Ministry of National Development Planning of Indonesia (Bappenas), the government was determined to move the Indonesian capital out of Java.[19] Shortly after the plan was announced, Jokowi visited two alternative locations in Kalimantan, Bukit Soeharto in East Kalimantan and the Triangle Area near Palangka Raya in Central Kalimantan.[20] In April 2019, a 10-year plan to transfer all government offices to a new capital city was announced.[21] The National Development Planning Ministry recommended the three provinces of South, Central, and East Kalimantan that met the requirements for a new capital, including being relatively free from earthquakes and volcanoes.[22]

President Joko Widodo alongside the Governor of East Kalimantan Isran Noor visiting the location of Nusantara.
President Joko Widodo alongside the Governor of East Kalimantan Isran Noor visiting the location of Nusantara.

On 23 August 2019, Jokowi submitted Presidential Letter No. R-34/Pres/08/2019, which was enclosed with two directives: (1) Presidential Study Report on Capital Relocation, and (2) Request on DPR Support for Capital Relocation.[23] During his 2019 state of the union address at the parliament on 26 August, Jokowi announced the plan to relocate the capital to Kalimantan.[24] Parts of Kutai Kartanegara Regency and Penajam North Paser Regency in East Kalimantan are to be carved out to create a new provincial-level planned city in a more central location within Indonesia.[25][26] The plan is part of a strategy to reduce developmental inequality between Java and other islands in the Indonesian archipelago and to reduce Jakarta's burden as Indonesia's primary hub.[27] The National Development Planning Ministry estimated the relocation cost to be Rp 466 trillion (US$32.7 billion) and that the government intended to cover 19% of the cost, the remainder coming mainly from public-private partnerships and direct investment by both state-owned enterprises and the private sector.[28] At the same time, US$40 billion will be allocated to saving Jakarta from sinking in the next decade.[29][30][31]

In early September 2021, the Bill for Capital Relocation was completed.[32] On 29 September the same year, the Jokowi administration submitted an omnibus bill for the capital relocation to the People's Representative Council (the lower house of Indonesia's parliament).[33] Amongst many items prescribed in the bill, it contained the plan for the formation of the Capital Authority (Otorita Ibu Kota Negara), a special agency responsible to the new capital and answerable to the President. The new agency possesses ministry-like qualities in that the office holder would be appointed by the President, but with special governing capabilities akin to a provincial governor.[32][34] It will also regulate how the Capital Authority will manage its funding, taxation, retribution, and assets.[35]

Due to the plan being submitted in the middle of Jokowi's second term as president, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) re-issued the Constitution of Indonesia amendment to re-establish the MPR's ability to establish Principals of State Policies (Pokok – Pokok Haluan Negara, PPHN), similar to the New Order's MPR's State Policies Outline (Garis Besar Haluan Negara, GBHN). This was to provide security and sustainability to the project and ensure its continuation after Jokowi was no longer in the presidency.[36] Based on the results of the KedaiKOPI Survey Institute survey in August 2019, 95.7% of respondents from Jakarta expressed their rejection of the plan to move the capital city to East Kalimantan.[37] On 17 January 2022, during a Special Committee Meeting, Minister of National Development Planning Suharso Monoarfa said the new nation's capital would be named Nusantara.[38]

Following the inauguration of Bambang Susantono as CEO of the capital, provinces across the country ceremonially send piece of soil and water from historically or culturally significant sites in their respective province to be part of the new capital's cornerstone and jug for its groundbreaking.[39] Central Kalimantan brought pieces of soil from a hill where Tjilik Riwut, a national hero from the province and respected Dayak figure, was said to be meditating.[40] East Kalimantan brought water and soil from Kutai Lama, where the historical Kutai Kartanegara kingdom was found.[41] North Maluku brought a combination of soil and water from four main historical sultanates in Maluku, otherwise known as Maluku Kie Raha, which are Jailolo, Ternate, Tidore, and Bacan.[40] East Nusa Tenggara province brought soil from seven regencies in the province, while Bengkulu brought soil from the location where Sukarno was exiled.[42][43] South Kalimantan brought water and soil from former residences of respected ulemas in the province, Zainal Ilmi and Syekh Muhammad Al-Banjari.[44] Southeast Sulawesi presented soil and water from the site of the historical Sultanate of Buton in Baubau.[45] East Java also did a similar thing from sites of the former Majapahit Empire.[46]


Design and construction


The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing organized a capital city design contest in late 2019. The winner, Nagara Rimba Nusa ('Forest Archipelagic Country')[47] by URBAN+ was officially announced on 23 December 2019. The government undertook to collaborate on the design of the winning team with that of the second- and third-placed teams, as well as international designers, to sharpen the final design process up to 2020.[48] Designers from at least three countries, namely China, Japan, and the United States had offered to be involved in the design.[49] The name, which had been suggested about three months earlier, is aligned with the winner's main concept.[50]

The city is designed for sustainability, targetting 80% of mobility to be supported by public transport, cycling, or walking. Surrounded by the forests of Kalimantan, it will draw all of its energy from renewable sources, allocating 10% of its area to food production.[3]

Construction was delayed until after the COVID-19 vaccination campaign completed in March 2022.[51]

In March 2022, the Ministry again organized a design contest on four structures, namely the vice-presidential palace, the legislatures' office complex, the judiciary's office complex, and a complex set for public worship next to Lake Pancasila.[52][53]


Geography


Balikpapan, one of the cities near Nusantara
Balikpapan, one of the cities near Nusantara

Nusantara is situated on the east coast of Borneo, the world's third largest island. The city shares land border with the province of East Kalimantan and has the coastal line in the east to Makassar Strait and in the south to Balikpapan Bay.[54] The city features a hilly landscape and was formerly an industrial forest whose concession was owned by Sukanto Tanoto.[55]


Zoning


Nusantara encompass an area of 2,560 km2 (990 sq mi), consisting of 68.56 km2 (26.47 sq mi) designated as the government central area (Kawasan Inti Pusat Pemerintahan), 561.80 km2 (216.91 sq mi) as the capital region (Kawasan Ibu Kota Negara), and the rest as the extended capital region (Kawasan Perluasan Ibu Kota Negara). Nusantara metropolitan area will include the surrounding East Kalimantan regencies and cities, such as Balikpapan and Samarinda.[56]

Planned zoning in Nusantara[56]
Zoning Planned facilities
Government Central Area
  • Presidential and vice-presidential palaces;
  • Government, legislatures, and judicial office buildings;
  • Cultural parks; and
  • Botanical gardens.
Capital Region
  • Residences for civil servants, police, and armed forces;
  • Diplomatic compound;
  • Education and medical facilities;
  • University, and science and techno park;
  • High-tech and clean industries;
  • Research and development centers;
  • Meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions centers;
  • Sport centers and museums;
  • Shopping malls;
  • Military bases; and
  • Other residential clusters.
Extended Capital Region Phase 1
  • A national park;
  • Orangutan conservation facilities; and
  • Other residential clusters.
Phase 2
  • Metropolitan developments; and
  • Other developed areas connected to nearby provinces.

Government


Main article: Nusantara Capital City Authority
Inauguration of the head and deputy head of Nusantara Capital City Authority on 10 March 2022.
Inauguration of the head and deputy head of Nusantara Capital City Authority on 10 March 2022.

Nusantara is managed by a corporation named the Nusantara Capital City Authority (Indonesian: Otorita Ibu Kota Nusantara). Its formation is different from other cities in Indonesia, as those were considered autonomous, self-governing settlements which are separate from the central government. Meanwhile, the Capital Authority is a corporation directly answerable to the central government, a ministry-level agency and its head a cabinet-level official.

Since 10 March 2022, the authority has been headed by Bambang Susantono and assisted by deputy head Dhony Rahajoe.[57]


Transportation


A new airport located in Penajam, will serve as the primary international airport to Nusantara.[58][59][60] A planned toll road will be built connecting the government central area to the airport, 47 km (29 mi) away.[61]

It will also be served by the neighboring Samarinda International Airport located at Samarinda,[62] the neighbouring city of the new capital,[63][64] and Balikpapan Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan Airport.


See also



Notes


  1. During the Indonesian National Revolution, the Indonesian government moved the capital to Yogyakarta and then to Bukittinggi, where it remained for a short time until the restoration of control to Jakarta. See: Capital of Indonesia

References


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На других языках

[de] Nusantara (Stadt)

Nusantara (offizieller Name auf Indonesisch: Ibu Kota Negara Nusantara) ist eine im Bau befindliche Planstadt im Osten der Insel Borneo, die 2024 eingeweiht werden und die zukünftige Hauptstadt Indonesiens sein soll. Sie liegt nahe der Stadt Balikpapan in der Provinz Kalimantan Timur.[1]
- [en] Nusantara (planned city)

[ru] Нусантара (город)

Нусанта́ра (индон. Nusantara) — строящийся город в Индонезии, в который планируется перенести столицу страны из Джакарты. Расположен на острове Калимантан на территории провинции Восточный Калимантан, однако в ближайшей перспективе город и его окрестности должны быть выделены в особый столичный округ, по статусу равный провинции. Перемещение центральных органов государственной власти предполагается осуществить поэтапно до конца 2024 года.


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