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Penglai, formerly known as Dengzhou or Tengchow,[lower-alpha 1] is a district belonging to the prefecture-level city of Yantai, Shandong Province, in the People's Republic of China. It lies on the northwest corner of the Shandong Peninsula on the southern coast of the Gulf of Bohai. Penglai is famous for its mirages out at sea, which are frequent during May and June. Formerly a county-level city, Penglai became a district of Yantai City in 2020.

Penglai 蓬莱区
District
Penglai viewed from the Penglai Pavilion
Location in Yantai
Penglai Location in Shandong
Coordinates: 37°49′N 120°44′E
Country	People's Republic of China
Province	Shandong
Prefecture-level city	Yantai
Area
• Total	1,197.1 km2 (462.2 sq mi)
Population  (2020)
• Total	410,000
• Density	340/km2 (890/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+08:00 (China Standard)
Postal code	265600
Area code(s)	0535
Website	penglai.gov.cn

Penglai
Simplified Chinese	蓬莱
Traditional Chinese	蓬萊
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Pénglái Wade–Giles Pʻeng2-lai2 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping pung4loi4

Former names
Dengzhou
Chinese	登州
Postal	Tengchow
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dēngzhōu Wade–Giles Teng1-chou1 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping dang1zau1

Geography

Penglai is entirely surrounded by other divisions of Yantai: Fushan District is to the east, Longkou City to the west, and Qixia City to the south. Its limits in geographic coordinates are 37° 25'–37° 50' N, 120° 35'–121° 09' E.

History

The Red Cliffs (丹崖) of the area are reputed to have been the site where the Eight Immortals set out for the land of the immortals and where Qin Shi Huang later sent off five hundred boys and five hundred girls on ships to search for them. Chinese legends held that a mystic dolphin was seen from the cliffs above and, missing it with his spear, the emperor knew that his days were numbered.^{[citation needed]} The Martial Emperor of Han (Han Wudi) later also visited the area while searching for the elixir of immortality.

The old city walls incorporate guard towers of three stories (rather than the usual two) because the uncle of the first emperor of the 6th-century Sui dynasty had been prince of the area.[3] Under the Ming, the harbor was fortified and used by the war junks of the imperial navy.

During the early years of the Manchu invasion of China, Portuguese artillerists were instructing Ming forces at Dengzhou when it was besieged by a mutinous army under Kong Youde in February 1632. Captain Gonçalo Teixeiro was killed during its sack, but the 70-year-old Jesuit linguist João Rodrigues escaped by jumping from the city walls into the sea. Kong's forces then seized the Portuguese cannon and used them to pillage the countryside before joining the Manchu invaders who eventually established China's Qing Dynasty.

Following the Second Opium War, Dengzhou became the first port opened to foreigners on the Shandong Peninsula in 1858.[1][4] Christian missions were quickly established.[4] The harbor was found inadequate for the traders, however, and Zhifu (now central Yantai) was developed 30 miles (48 km) away to function as Dengzhou's port.[1]

Penglai is mentioned in the fictional stories about Judge Dee by Robert van Gulik, first mentioned in the book The Chinese Gold Murders.

In 2020, Changdao County, consisting of the Changdao Islands in the Bohai Strait, was merged into Penglai.[5]

Administration

The city contains five subdistricts (街道),seven townships (镇)[6] and three development zones (区):

Subdistricts

• Dengzhou Subdistrict (登州街道): where Qin Shi Huang reputedly visited to gain immortality

Zijingshan Subdistrict (紫荆山街道) Xingang Subdistrict (新港街道)

Penglaige Subdistrict (蓬莱阁街道) Nanwang Subdistrict (南王街道)

Towns

Liujiagou Town (刘家沟镇) Chaoshui Town (潮水镇) Cunliji Town (村里集镇) Xiaomenjia Town (小门家镇)

Daxindian Town (大辛店镇) Daliuhang Town (大柳行镇): contains a namesake industrial park Beigou Town (北沟镇): contains Xicheng Port Industrial Park (西城临港工业区)

Others

• Penglai Economic Development Zone (蓬莱经济开发区): contains three industrial parks
• Penglai Tourism-Vacation Area (蓬莱旅游度假区)
• Penglai Urban District (蓬莱城区)

Together, the three qu (zone, district, and area) co-exist with the coastal Xingang Subdistrict.

Economy

374,400 Penglai citizens work in agriculture, with the remaining 75,600 in various other sectors.

Tourism

Penglai has been ranked by the Chinese government as a top domestic tourist destination.[7] Its Water Fortress (水城, Shuíchéng), a fortified harbor, is one of China's oldest military ports. It was built under the Ming in 1376[8] and housed a fleet of warjunks.[3] It is now a protected historical monument being renovated at a cost of 500m RMB (more than $60m).^{[citation needed]} There is a plank walk along the cliffs nearby.

More than US$25 million has also been invested into developing the Penglai Pavilion and other sites.^{[citation needed]} The Penglai Pavilion is a large park of ancient buildings, palaces and temples, that have been restored and rebuilt. It has been a tourist goal for more than a thousand years, and the site features inscriptions from famous poets and calligraphers like Su Shi and Dong Qichang. Among other cultural attractions of Penglai are the Naval Museum with exhibits of ancient ships and the restored residence of the famous patriotic general Qi Jiguang. Penglai also has the largest ocean aquarium in Asia. It includes a polar area, a shark hall, a tropical rainforest, and a theater with mermaids, dolphins and sea lions.[9] A picturesque festival takes place in January for the birthday of Tianhou, a local sea goddess.

While tourism is the mainstay of Penglai's economy, bringing more than two million tourists annually,^{[citation needed]} in fact the entire center of the town around the harbour was walled off and completely razed in 2006.[10]

Wine industry

The production of wine is the second largest industry in the province. Agriculture is first. However, in Penglai, tourism is the primary industry, and wine-making is second. The hills south of Penglai have an average elevation of 200 metres (660 ft), while the coastal areas are relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-aerated, and rich in minerals and organic matters that enable full development of the root systems. The wineries are located mainly in the Nanwang Grape Valley and along the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway. The main varieties grown there, like Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischt, Merlot, Riesling and Chardonnay, are all reaching 20 years of age, considered to be the golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average sugar content of above 20%. The Cabernet is especially typical, with good color and a dense fragrance.

Notable residents

• Qi Jiguang (戚继光, 1528－1588) Ming Dynasty general and national hero who fought Japanese pirates
• Henry Luce (1898–1967) - born in Penglai, founder of TIME, Fortune, and Life.
• Ida Pruitt (1888–1985) - born in Penglai, spoke fluent Chinese, prolific writer on China
• Wu Peifu (吴佩孚, 1874–1939) - army general, later became one of the most powerful military rulers in China during the Warlord Era (1916–1928)
• Meng Xuenong (simplified Chinese: 孟学农; traditional Chinese: 孟學農; pinyin: Mèng Xuénóng 1949- ) - vice-governor and acting governor of Shanxi (as of 2007) and disgraced former Mayor of Beijing Municipality

See also

• Other Penglais
• Other Dengzhous

Notes

References

• Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Che-foo" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 455
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Chi-fu" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 6 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 132–3

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Penglai.

• 中国蓬莱 (Penglai, China): official municipal government (in Simplified Chinese)
• Rare Mirage Lasts for 4 Hours off East China Shore
• Cultural and tourist information about Penglai
• Attractions of the Penglai Pavilion area
• Article about a visit to Penglai
• Article describing the Water City

На других языках

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- [en] Penglai District

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[ru] Пэнлай

Пэнла́й (кит. упр. 蓬莱, пиньинь Pénglái) — район городского подчинения городского округа Яньтай провинции Шаньдун.

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